Sexuality and Alzheimer's Disease Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sexuality and Alzheimer's Disease - Lab Report Example A major ethical dilemma for nursing staff, who lack relevant training, is when Alzheimer patients express themselves in a sexual manner with other patients or care-givers. Nurses find themselves in a conflict situation between moral principle and professional duty in resolving these occurrences (Tabak & Shemesh Kigli, 2006). Research discloses that there is confusion and ignorance on the part of nursing staff and other care givers, regarding the issue of sexual relations among patients with dementia related to Alzheimer’s disease. Staff find it highly stressful to deal with this area of ward practice for which they completely lack any kind of training. Their professionalism and caring instinct to protect the patients’ dignity seriously conflicts against their anger and antagomism towards unseemly behavior on the part of elderly Alzheimer patients, especially if it is of a serious nature or if helpless elderly patients are victimized. Sometimes, staff’s lack of necessary awareness leads to their ill-treating or humiliating patients (Tabak & Shemesh-Kigli, 2006). One of the consequences of debilitating dementias such as Alzheimer’s disease and deep-rooted personality disorders â€Å"can lead to lowered impulse control and the emergence of inappropriate sexual behaviors† (Hillman, 2000: 62-63). Ethics and human rights also play an important part in this issue, since the sexual needs and the right to personal freedom of geriatric patients cannot be overlooked. To resolve the ethical dilemma, it is essential to investigate the situation by viewing the full picture, and understanding all the dynamics that contribute to the sexual relationship.

Fiction and Literary Works Essay Example for Free

Fiction and Literary Works Essay With that said, it is important to remember that all literary works cannot always be easily classified into a single genre. Moreover, literary works which might be classified as belonging to one genre might possess many qualities more typical of other genres. For example, Shakespeare’s Macbeth is classified as drama, but in many respects takes the form of poetry. In other words, sometimes the differences between categories like drama, poetry, and the short story are not so easily defined. Often a short story might contain poetic or dramatic qualities, or a poem might include narrative and dramatic features. In your post, summarize the major similarities and differences between the forms of drama, poetry, and the short story. Demonstrate your ideas with textual examples from the course readings. In your response, include at least one example of each literary form. If you wish, you may also point to examples which indicate the blurring of literary genres (e. g. , the poetic qualities of Macbeth or the dramatic elements of Gift of the Magi). There are so much to say when it comes to similarities with drama, poetry and a short story. Personally I see that all three have some subliminal message for the audience whether it is lessons learn or an experience personal to the writer. In literary perspectives, like mentioned above, sometimes a poem or short story can merge with another genre such as drama. An example of a short story that can be drama is perhaps â€Å"The Necklace† because the story is about a lady who borrows and loses something her friend lent her and went through so much trouble to replace it instead of coming clean with the friend. A drama is meant to have characters that perform and we see this is a short story known as â€Å"I’m Going† where we see the characters clearly speaking and also we get narrative information to help the audience understand the plot and setting. Poetry is written in different formats or rhythms but can also tell a story but does not always have a plot. All have some sort of tone to set the seriousness or relax humor of the literary work. â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† is a poem which tells a story of a father and son yet there are also dramatic features as the story is told.

Use of Biblical Imagery in Cather’s Sapphira and the Slave Girl :: Cather Sapphira Slave Girl Essays

Use of Biblical Imagery in Cather’s Sapphira and the Slave Girl Throughout "Sapphira and the Slave Girl", Cather uses Biblical imagery to depict critical events. Specifically, Nancy's flight to freedom, and Mary's overcoming a potentially fatal illness. Cather continually uses Biblical imagery when describing Nancy's journey out of slavery and into freedom. For example, Mr. Colbert sees Nancy as going "up out of Egypt to a better land", clearly connecting her with flight of Hebrew slaves out of Egypt in the Bible. Connecting Nancy's escape to the Biblical pilgrimage of Moses to the "promised land" serves to reinforce the underlying righteousness of her actions-- as well as the inherent evil of slavery. In depicting her actual journey, the reader once again encounters Biblical allusions. This occurs in Cather's description of the black preacher who will protect Nancy on her way to Canada. Cather portrays this man almost as a disciple, his voice being described as "solemn yet comforting" sounding "like the voice of prophecy" (239). Ascribing such a sage-like persona to this man solidifies the righteousness of both Nancy's, and Mrs. Blake's, efforts to defy slavery's bonds. Mary's "communion" strikes me as another important event whereby Cather uses Biblical imagery. In this particular incident-- which invariably saves Mary's life-- she "walking in her sleep" drinks the bowl of broth intended for Mr. Fairhead (259). Cather depicts Mary as preternatual, being "a white figure" which "drifted"--rather than walked-- "across the indoor duskiness of the room" (259). Mary, seemingly in an altered state, in guided by what one can interpret as instinct, or "divine forces", which lead her to the soup. Similar to the black preacher's voice, Mr. Fairhead sees Mary's actions as "something solemn. . . like a communion service" (259). From a Catholic perspective, the purpose of communion is receiving the "body" and "blood" of Christ, thereby receiving "new life". One can see, in this instance, why Cather would deliberately paint this scene in Biblical terms, because Mary-- wuote literally-- receives a new chance at life from the soup she drinks. Similar to Nancy's flight from slavery, Mary's drinking of the soup is an instance of an individual defying detrimental societal conventions. While taken as correct, the remedy for Mary and Betty's illness is not only wrong, but fatal. Cather thereby uses Biblical imagery to reinforce the righteousness of Mary's actions, even though they go against what society--specifically medicine-- sees as the "correct" course of treatment.

Linen and Laundry Service in Off Premise

Different types of hotel in the Philippines Many people visit the Philippine Islands each year in order to enjoy its picture perfect views and Asian hospitality. Luckily, there are several types of hotels available in the Philippines that make it possible for anyone to afford a trip. Whether you're looking for student-budget type lodging, luxurious accommodations or something in between, the Philippines has got you covered. Luxury Hotels Luxury hotels are available across the Philippines and are an ideal type of hotel if you're looking for refined surroundings.They're a great option for honeymooners or anyone who wants to be treated like royalty for a while. This type of lodging facility will ensure that you are fully pampered and leave you feeling like your money was very well spent. Consider these top- rated luxury hotels located in the Philippines. Diamond Hotel, Manila This 27-story, five star hotel is located in Manila and radiates class and elegance. It's located in a great are a, Just minutes away from museums, parks, convention centers and shopping malls. Your accommodations, from the sheets on your bed to the towels in your bathroom, are guaranteed to be top-of-the-line quality.If you stay here, take advantage of the exquisite guestrooms, bars and restaurants. Location: Rosa Blvd. Core. Dry. J. Quintus SST. Manila 1000 Web: Demimondaine. Com Marimbas Blurter beach resort, Zebu Indulge yourself at the Marimbas Blurter Beach Resort in Zebu. Choose from rooms located on the beach wing (including bungalows), the garden wing, or the Mama Spa wing and enjoy authentic Filipino hospitality. This is the ideal hotel to book if you're looking for relaxation and deluxe accommodations. Location: Marimbas, Buying, McCann Island Zebu 601 5 Web: www. Blurter. Com. PH/marimbas/home. P Budget Hotels A budget hotel is ideal for business travelers and those who don't require frills and want to save some money. There is a variety to choose from across the Philippines and al l offer affordable rooms and Filipino hospitality. If you're looking for a comfortable bed and great bargain, opt for a budget hotel while in the Philippines. The Legend Hotels organization has hotels all across the Philippines, including the Legend Villas, Legend Palatal, Mayhap Manor, Cabana Cloacae, Cabana Cuba and Cabana Papas. Each one is owned and managed by Filipinos, which give them n authentic Filipino flavor.They offer value rates that make rooms affordable for many people and each room is different from the others. Location: 2650 A. Boniface SST. , Magmata City 1233 Web: Lighthouses. Com. PH SST. Alien's Inn, Magmata This boutique-style budget hotel in Magmata has a great sense of charm. It provides guests with basic amenities and is a practical choice for any traveler. Enjoy yourself in the inner courtyards and take in the classic architecture during your stay. Location: 7461 Scintilla Street, Poi del Pillar Magmata City 1230 web: Scintillating. M Hostels Hostels are the best solution for the budget traveler who likes to meet new people from all over the world. By staying at a hostel in the Philippines you can save a substantial amount of money each night, making the overall cost of your vacation much lower. Prices per person, per night, range anywhere from $5 to $50. Here are a few excellent hostels to choose from. Townhouse Manila You can't beat paying less than $10 for a bed. The Townhouse opened in 1986 and has served as a comfortable place to sleep for people from more than 85 countries.

Strategic Plan Part 1

Strategic Plan: Part 1 Malissa Love-Virgil BUS/475 March 12, 2013 Victor De Jesus Strategic Plan: Part 1, Conceptualizing a Business Little League Scoops mission is to provide the healthiest homemade ice cream at the same time as supporting the youth in the local neighborhood. Little League Scoops offers two free scoops of ice cream to the little league ball players after his or her ball game. Little League Scoops, aside from management, only employs students from the local high school, providing a learning experience for students preparing to leave high school.Organization Vision â€Å"A vision statement is sometimes called a picture of your company in the future but it’s so much more than that. Your vision statement is your inspiration, the framework for all your strategic planning. A vision statement may apply to an entire company or to a single division of that company. Whether for all or part of an organization, the vision statement answers the question, â€Å"Where do we want to go? † What you are doing when creating a vision statement is articulating your dreams and hopes for your business.It reminds you of what you are trying to build† (â€Å"Vision Statement,†Ã‚  2013). At Little League Scoops, we provide homemade superior tasting ice cream while fostering healthy activities in our neighborhood youth. Little League Scoops makes the healthiest homemade ice cream fresh daily for those in the surrounding areas. The primary goal of Little League Scoops, other than to become a sturdy long-term company in a small town, is to promote healthy activities in the children by encouraging them to maintain healthy activities throughout the summer vacation.Little League Scoops believes that by promoting healthy activities in children, we create healthy adults with healthy habits. Keeping children busy instead of setting them in front of video games will aid in lowing childhood obesity as well as laziness. Guiding Values The area that in wh ich Little League Scoops resides is not wealthy in terms of monetary value. Little League Scoops is looking to maintain healthy business long term, but it also wants to foster abundant relationships with the community.Little League Scoops provides competitive prices for homemade healthy ice cream for anyone who is not a little league ball player and free scoops for those who are. Little League Scoops believes it is the responsibility of the organizations within a community to foster good will. Providing incentive for the youth to stay active is how Little League Scoops intends to become a predominate company in the surrounding areas. As the name of the organization grows, surrounding areas will be invited to join in the free scoops program for the little league teams in those townships.Guiding the Organization’s Strategic Direction â€Å"People have different beliefs around what is right, wrong or inconsequential, and so it is critical that company’s build some founda tional beliefs in employees to make sure his or her decisions are in alignment with the organization. A company's mission, vision and values are that foundation. They guide decision making by building common beliefs and understanding among employees.When a strong mission, clear vision and detailed values are implemented, an organization will begin to eliminate personal preference, ensuring that critical decisions are ethically sound and consistent in approach† (â€Å"Decision Making: The 3 Foundations Of Business Decision Making: Mission, Vision, Values,†Ã‚  2013). Little League Scoops mission is to provide the healthiest homemade ice cream at the same time as supporting the youth in the local neighborhood. Little League Scoops believes that by promoting healthy activities in children, we create healthy adults with healthy habits.Combining the mission, the vision, and the values of Little League Scoops, the organization will use these driving forces to maintain the stra tegic direction and become an icon housed within a small community. Addressing Customer Needs and Achieve Competitive Advantage Summertime brings a need for cooling refreshments. Ice cream has forever been a favorite among Americans. â€Å"The U. S. ice cream industry generated total revenues of $10 billion in 2010, with take-home ice cream sales epresenting the largest section of the market, generating revenues of $6. 8 billion or 67. 7 percent of the market’s overall value. Frozen dairy production follows a clear seasonal pattern. Summer is the unchallenged season for eating ice cream and other related products. Production kicks up in March and April to fill retail and foodservice pipelines in the late spring and early summer. June is the highest production month of the year, but production remains strong through August to satisfy summer demand. (â€Å"Ice Cream Sales & Trends†,  2013). Providing the community with delicious and healthy ice cream serves two purpos es. The first purpose is the refreshing coolness of a delicious ice cream. The second purpose is providing healthy ice cream is beneficial to those who like ice cream but are health conscious. Little League Scoops makes all its ice cream fresh each day. Hired to help make and serve all the delicious flavors are high school juniors and seniors looking for job experience prior to leaving high school.Little League Scoops believes that if opportunities are provided for the youth, they will in turn become responsible adults. The competitive advantage that Little League Scoops has over competing ice cream parlors are (1) Providing healthy homemade ice cream, (2) hiring high school students and teaching them how to become responsible workers, (3) providing opportunities for the community’s youth to stay active by rewarding them with free scoops, (4) always keeping the youth as priority. ConclusionOther ice cream parlors may offer a larger array of flavors; however, Little League Sco ops smaller assortment is always freshly homemade. There is no comparison to homemade ice cream at competitive prices. There is no comparison to encouraging the youth to stay fit and active. Providing a healthy refreshing treat after a ball game will keep the children eager to participate in summertime activities, instead of sitting in front of a video game. No price can be placed on the health of the future. Todays’ youth are tomorrow’s leaders.Encouraging them today will show them they can do anything they put their minds to. References Vision Statement. (2013). Retrieved from http://sbinfocanada. about. com/od/businessplanning/g/visionstatement. htm DECISION MAKING: The 3 Foundations of Business Decision Making: Mission, Vision, Values. (2013). Retrieved from http://newdirectionsconsulting. com/4579/blog/the-3-foundations-of-business-decision-making-mission-vision-values-2/ Ice Cream Sales ; Trends. (2013). Retrieved from http://www. idfa. org/news–views/medi a-kits/ice-cream/ice-cream-sales-and-trends/

Gender Roles in Canada Essay Example

Gender Roles in Canada Essay Example Gender Roles in Canada Paper Gender Roles in Canada Paper Gender Roles in Canadian Society Gender roles within society have changed continuously over time, and with the use of primary sources, it can be seen first-hand what it was like during the time in which it was written. In the source, â€Å"Parallel Qualities of the Sexes,† the opinion of one writer is seen through the poem. Because this is just one person’s opinion, it is important to determine whether or not the statements made are truthful to the time period in which it was written. There are a number of questions to be taken into consideration when deciding whether or not a source is or is not credible, such as the gender of the writer, who the audience is, and what can be presumed about the author through the work itself. The credibility of the source then relies on the truthfulness of the content compared to the history of the time period when it was written. The author shows that there is a definite separation between the sexes, but that each has their own important qualities. Looking at facts from History of the Canadian Peoples will help determine whether or not the assumptions made within the work are truthful or not. Although the small amounts of information provided match with historical facts, the source, â€Å"Parallel Qualities of the Sexes,† does not prove to be entirely reliable, due to a lack of elaboration on the subject matter, leaving it open to anyone’s own opinion. There are many aspects of a primary source that are critical in analyzing the content. : Because this source is based on gender issues, it would be beneficial to know the gender of the author. Unfortunately, this information is not given, so it becomes difficult to see how the information put forward is meant to be taken. Especially with poetry, a lot is open to each individual’s own interpretation. In regards to gender, it can be assumed that it would be written with different intentional meanings if written by a male or female. If coming from a man’s perspective, it would seem very conceited and show that men are very proud of what they are and what they do. It would seem that after creating a generalized list of qualities that men attain, the equivalent of what women do, in comparison, was then lined up next to it. On the other hand, if the writer is female, the intentional meaning behind it would be much different. It would show that they respected their husbands for the work they did, and the good qualities that they possess, and show that, while at the same time acknowledging their own qualities. For example, the line â€Å"man shines abroad – woman at home,† can be looked at from both sides. A man would have seen it as more important to be out, working for his family, and a woman would have taken great pride in the work she does at home. Without knowing the gender of the writer, it is important to look at the source from both perspectives in order to fully understand the context. Another important aspect to look into is who the target audience would have been at the time it was written. Because it was published in The Christian Guardian, it is likely that the author was of middle to upper class, and the audience targeted would most likely have been within the same status; those who were able to read. It seems that it is written to please both male and female readers. As explained before, it is relatable to both genders. It may have been written this way either to simply express the writers’ actual thoughts on the subject, or in order to convince society that men and women are more of equals than was thought at that time. The work itself is very simple and straightforward, in order to assure that all readers will understand the message. The source does not favour one gender over the other, but rather picks out strengths in both men and women that work side by side with one another. It seems that the author wanted readers to see that men and women cannot live without one another. Each quality listed is complimented by the one next to it of the opposite sex. For example, the line â€Å"man prevents misery – woman relieves it† shows that a man prevents harm to his family, but when he cannot do so, the woman of the house is there to relieve the pain. It is shown here that men and women work together in society, which creates a unity of the sexes that is not necessarily recognized. The idea that men and women were viewed as equals during this time period is not easily believable. In History of the Canadian Peoples, it is shown that in the Maritime Colonies, there was a â€Å"fundamental inequality† of the sexes and that patriarchy, which is a â€Å"belief that men should have power over women and children† was promoted in colonial society. The simple mention of having power over women challenges the beliefs put forward in the source. There cannot be equality between the sexes to any extent when it is encouraged for men to have authority over their wives. This is not to say that women were not needed to run the household, but this source makes it seem that there is an equality that does not yet exist. Despite the â€Å"crucial economic role, a woman was legally subordinate to the husband, father, or even brother for whom she performed labor. † This shows that there is a power struggle between men and women that has been created by society. Men have power over women, and that is how it was during this time. There is no sign of equality. Lastly, it is important to consider the women’s rights advocates, which started in 1848, a year before this was written. It is necessary to take into account that this may have had an influence on this piece of writing. At this point in time, women â€Å"recognized their own lack of civil rights and began organizing to remove the legal and attitudinal barriers that made women subordinate to men. † Preceding this, it was not until 1852 and 1857 that petition groups were put together, so this was not a fast process. In conclusion, the source â€Å"Parallel Qualities of the Sexes† cannot be viewed as entirely reliable for a few different reasons. It is written in the structure of a poem, which is often meant to be open to any readers’ own interpretation. The gender of the writer is also unknown, which would have a major impact on how this piece of writing can be viewed. The work itself implies a sort of equality between the males and females, but this view is not held during this time period. Women are seen as being under the power of men, which is not represented in the poem. Overall, even though it is not completely reliable, historians may still be able to derive some useful information from the source. Bibliography Conrad, Margaret and Finkel, Alvin. History of the Canadian Peoples. Toronto: Pearson Longman, 2009. â€Å"Parallel Qualities of the Sexes. † The Christian Guardian. 1849.

Free Essays on The Development Of Gender Roles In Children

The Development of Gender Roles in Children In a society filled with gender stereotypes and biases, children often adopt gender roles which are not always equal to both males and females. As children move on through childhood and later into adolescence many factors influence their views and behaviors towards gender roles. These attitudes and behaviors are learned initially in the home, and later reinforced by many other outside influences such as their school experiences, friends, teachers, and television. Children turn out to internalize many of the gender stereotypes and behaviors of the past. Where are these stereotypes coming from? The strongest influence on gender development occurs in the home, with parents passing on many of the beliefs they have about gender roles. Children learn at a young age what it means to be a boy or a girl in our society. Through opportunities, encouragement and discouragement, obvious behaviors, covert suggestions, and various types of guidance, children experience the formation of their gender role socialization. It is hard for children to grow into adults without experiencing some form of gender bias or gender stereotyping, whether it be that boys are supposed to be tough or better at math, or that females can only play with dolls. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research states, â€Å"parents, especially fathers, tend to reward boys more than girls for displaying gender-congruent forms of play. They also tend to punish boys more harshly than girls for deviations from prescribed gender role norms† (McCreary 519). Often times this punishment is mental, with boys being teased by their fathers for acting like a â€Å"sissy,† or not being â€Å"tough.† A child’s earliest exposure to what it means to be male or female comes from parents. From the time they are babies, parents treat sons and daughters differently, dressing infants in gender specific colors and clothing, and giv... Free Essays on The Development Of Gender Roles In Children Free Essays on The Development Of Gender Roles In Children The Development of Gender Roles in Children In a society filled with gender stereotypes and biases, children often adopt gender roles which are not always equal to both males and females. As children move on through childhood and later into adolescence many factors influence their views and behaviors towards gender roles. These attitudes and behaviors are learned initially in the home, and later reinforced by many other outside influences such as their school experiences, friends, teachers, and television. Children turn out to internalize many of the gender stereotypes and behaviors of the past. Where are these stereotypes coming from? The strongest influence on gender development occurs in the home, with parents passing on many of the beliefs they have about gender roles. Children learn at a young age what it means to be a boy or a girl in our society. Through opportunities, encouragement and discouragement, obvious behaviors, covert suggestions, and various types of guidance, children experience the formation of their gender role socialization. It is hard for children to grow into adults without experiencing some form of gender bias or gender stereotyping, whether it be that boys are supposed to be tough or better at math, or that females can only play with dolls. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research states, â€Å"parents, especially fathers, tend to reward boys more than girls for displaying gender-congruent forms of play. They also tend to punish boys more harshly than girls for deviations from prescribed gender role norms† (McCreary 519). Often times this punishment is mental, with boys being teased by their fathers for acting like a â€Å"sissy,† or not being â€Å"tough.† A child’s earliest exposure to what it means to be male or female comes from parents. From the time they are babies, parents treat sons and daughters differently, dressing infants in gender specific colors and clothing, and giv...

Amelia Earhart Family Tree

Amelia Earhart Family Tree Back to Generations 1-3 Fourth Generation (Great-Grandparents of Amelia Earhart): 8. David EARHART was born in Dec 1789 in York, Pennsylvania. He died on 3 Jun 1848 in Leechburg, Armstrong County, PA and is buried in Oakdale Cemetery, Davenport, Iowa. David EARHART and Catherine ALTMANN were married on 3 Sep 1814 in Blacklick Township, Indiana County, Pennsylvania. 9. Catherine ALTMANN was born on 12 Jun 1789 in Pennsylvania. She died on 15 Mar 1870 in Davenport, Iowa. David EARHART and Catherine ALTMANN had the following children: i. Phillip EARHART was born on 28 Mar 1815 in Indiana County, Pennsylvania. He died on 24 Dec 1904.ii. John EARHART was born on 12 Sep 1816 in Indiana County.4 iii. Rev. David EARHARTiv. Henry EARHART was born on 3 May 1819 in Pennsylvania. He died on 9 Sep 1906.v. Lucy EARHART was born on 7 Feb 1821 in Indiana County. She died on 1 Jun 1907 in Atchison, Atchison County, Kansas.vi. Daniel EARHART was born on 14 Oct 1822 in Indiana County. He died on 13 Jul 1916 in Clinton, Ohio.vii. William EARHART was born on 3 Apr 1824 in Indiana County. He died on 10 Apr 1866.viii. Samuel EARHART was born on 7 Oct 1825 in Indiana County. He died on 27 Apr 1851 in Davenport, Iowa.ix. Joseph EARHART was born on 10 Mar 1827 in Indiana County, Pennsylvania.x. Mary EARHART was born on 6 Mar 1830 in Indiana County. She died on 16 Mar 1899.xi. Robert Nixon EARHART was born on 9 Apr 1833 in Indiana County. He died on 29 Jul 1907 in Davenport, Iowa. 10. John PATTON was born btw 22 July 1793 and 21 July 1794 in Indiana County, Pennsylvania.  He died on 21 Jul 1836 in Somerset, Somerset County, Pennsylvania  and is buried in Ankeny Square Burial Ground, Somerset.   11. Harriet WELLS was born between  9 Apr 1800 and 8 Apr 1801 in Somerset, Somerset County, Pennsylvania.  She died on 9 Apr 1890 in Somerset  and is buried in Ankeny Square Burial Ground, Somerset. John PATTON and Harriet WELLS were married and had the following children: 5 i. Mary Wells PATTON 12. Isaac OTIS was born on 26 Sep 1798 in Saratoga Springs, NY. He died of an accidental injury on 12 Mar 1853 near Prairieville, Barry County, Michigan. 13. Caroline Abigail CURTISS was born on 20 Aug 1808.  She died on 12 Mar 1883 in Kalamazoo, MI. Isaac OTIS and Caroline Abigail CURTISS were married in 1826 in Homer, Cortland County, New York and  had the following children: 6 i. Judge Alfred Gideon OTISii. Charles E. OTISiii. George L. OTISiv. Ephraim A. OTISv. Isaac Newton OTISvi. Stephen OTISvii. Mary OTISviii. Louise OTISix. Lilly OTISx. Curtiss OTISxi. Arthur OTIS 14. Gephard HARRES was born on 11 Jun 1801 in Brunswick, Lower Saxony, Germany. He died on 31 May 1863 in Atchison, Atchison County, Kansas  and is buried in 1863 in Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.   15. Maria GRACE  was born on 2 Aug 1797 in Germantown, Pennsylvania.  She died on 17 Sep 1896 in Atchison, Kansas. Gephard HARRES and Maria GRACE were married on 17 Oct 1824 in Philadelphia and  had the following children: 7 i. Amelia Josephine HARRESii. Elizabeth HARRESiii. George HARRESiv. Eliza HARRESv. John Henry HARRESvi. Charles Gebhard HARRESvii. Mary Ann HARRES was born on 29 May 1830 in Philadelphia, PA.  She died on 30 Apr 1909 in Atchison, Kansas.

What is a Code of Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What is a Code of Ethics - Essay Example Ethics works in both ways in terms of employee commitment. A workplace is expected to establish a working environment where employees would want to come to work and be productive because of pride in what they do for a living. This gives the employees the motivation to stick with the company. A healthy and happy working environment makes the workforce enthusiastic about their works. In return, the employees become willing to cooperate with the company even in times of crisis. Employees are willing to extend a hand to lift up the spirit of the company as a part of its team instead of turning their back. They keep the confidentiality of matters that involve the company and maintain a good reputation as well that can also reflect the good image of their company. Investor loyalty is in one way or another, related to employee commitment. What would make an investor stick into something is a good service and return on/of investment. It is said that ethical business practices would include actions such as not using marketing materials or campaigns that mislead consumers (Tatum, 2003).

Antibiotic development in the pharmaceutical industry Essay

Antibiotic development in the pharmaceutical industry - Essay Example This can be attributed to the fact that prior to the development of the first antimicrobial agents, "bacteria already had demonstrated an ability to adapt to stress in the environment, resulting in the development of resistance that often makes the prevailing antibiotic treatment ineffective (LAVIN, B.S. 2000, p S32-S35). "Various types of antimicrobial agents, including extracts of plants, fungi, and lichens, were employed for thousands of years in primitive populations without any scientific knowledge of what was being used. Even in the early part of the twentieth century, therapy for infectious diseases was based essentially on patient isolation and chicken soup" (DAVIES, J. 1999. In praise of antibiotics. ASM News: May 9). That is why the breakthrough of antibiotics is oftentimes considered as "one of the wonders of the modern world" (DAVIES, J. 1999. In praise of antibiotics. ASM News: May 9). Thus it has made striking impressions in the field of medicine, microbiology, and the topic at hand, the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmaceutical industry had taken action to the resistance power of bacteria by producing new antibiotics or further experimenting on altered forms of existing agents. Some utilize combinations of these compounds. But the issue still lies: "Why is it that despite growing bacterial resistance to existing drugs, antibiotic development in the pharmaceutical industry continues to decline" The glory days of the antibiotic era has come to a close. Presently, new anti-infective drugs that attack disease-causing organisms are difficult to find. "As drug-resistant microbes continue to take a toll on even the youngest and healthiest members of the community, infectious diseases specialists warn that few new and effective antibiotics are in the works" (LANDERS, S.J. 2006. Incentives urged to spur antibiotic development. AMNews: March 20.). Either many accessible drug genres have worn out or the pharmaceutical technology of various firms has no new agents to dispense to the demanding public. Moreover, the rising regulatory requirements are frustrating. These realities discourage researchers to conduct tests and experiments in furthering the antibiotic production. One point to deliberate in antibiotic development is the financial considerations. Generally speaking, antibiotic production is "financially less attractive" to many pharmaceutical companies compared to other drugs that are in demand in the market. Many firms keep on criticizing the pharmaceutical industry for withdrawing from or dropping its researches on infection control. "The development of new antibiotics is a lengthy and costly process ((LAVIN, B.S. 2000, p. S32-S35) What they do not know is that large pharmaceutical companies have already supplied the necessary antibacterial medicines known to man and only some manufacturers retreated. "Commercial pressure" and anti-infectives as "not highly profitable" are some factors to be pondered as well. Next thing to consider are regulatory issues. "Regulatory agencies require that sponsors adopt the highest standards in all studies" (EDWARDS, J.R. 2005 Where are the New Drugs: July 1). Drug manufacturers have objected on these regulations since they entail "lengthy approval processes" thus preventing "marketing of potentially beneficial drugs." Nevertheless, the production of new

Community assessment of Marinette, Wisconsin Research Paper

Community assessment of Marinette, Wisconsin - Research Paper Example On the other hand, it is said that approximately ten percent of all families and 34 percent of families with a female householder and no husband present had incomes below the poverty level (Bayless, B. 2005). The below graph shows the poverty levels at the county of Marinette. The major cause of non violence related death in the county of Marinette is mainly the usually the lung related ailments and this are mainly caused by smoking of tobacco. It is reported that approximately about 15% of all the deaths which are reported in this county is due to smoking. It is also said that cigarette smoking do usually cause about 79% of all the lung cancer deaths in this county and about 13% of all the deaths in this county is due to heart related ailments (Bayless, B. 2005). According to the police unit in this county, the overall crime rate which was reported in this state is the highest in all the counties in the Wisconsin state. However, most of the crimes which are committed in this state mainly consist of petty robbery which is followed by burglary. Assault is also on the increase in this states and the below table highlights the crime rate at this country and it is based on statistics which were collected in the year 2004. As at the year 200, the major language which was spoken in this county is the Germany language and this was attributed to the fact most of the inhabitants of this county are whites from Germany and they consist about 37.8% of all the white population which is about 98.08%. Other primary languages which are spoken in this country include English and polish. The secondary language includes Spanish, French, Hindu and the native language. According to the below table, we can see that the population of this county is somehow composed of whites and the majority of the whites are from Germany and hence making it the major language which is spoken in this county. The Germans are also followed by the polish and of which some of them speak the Germany language. Marinette County, Wisconsin Estimate Total: 42,729 White alone 41,653 Black or African American alone 106 American Indian and Alaska Native alone 314 Asian alone 64 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone 0 Some other race alone 256 Two or more races: 336 Two races including Some other race 32 Two races excluding Some other race, and three or more races 304 Source: U.S Census Bureau, 2005-2007 American Community survey. What are the 3 main causes of death in the community The main cause of death in the community is mainly attributed to heart and lung related ailments. Most of these deaths are usually attributed to smoking of cigarettes which have affected most of the community members. Also

Improving Decision making in the Public Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Improving Decision making in the Public - Essay Example This study highlights that  the instinctive portion, founded on the emotional instincts, is operational in the absence of conscious inclusion. Contrarily, rational thinking involves all situations requiring deliberative analysis. Unfortunately, the instinctive portion is comparatively stronger than its rational counterpart. As a result, people are tempted to use the instinctive portion even in situations requiring deliberate analysis. This is the reason behind the lack of capacity for individuals to make right decisions.This paper discusses that the public should be instructed by knowledge on decisions making, and use these knowledge while forming decisions. Studies show that knowledge on statistics improves the judgment of certainty and uncertainty, and it is important that this is implemented within education curriculum so that students’ decision making skills are sharpened. In addition, researchers found that exemplary numeracy skills significantly improve one’s ab ility to interpret real world situations. Decision making can be drastically improved by emphasizing these two educational approaches in educational programs, while authorities applying knowledge on decision making through improved statistical and numeracy skills.  Scientific facts rule that we are incapable of altering our selves through the integration of new knowledge and skills to make only right decisions. Never-the-less, the use of libertarian paternalism, and application of the two educational approaches can improve decision making.

Wk 5 discus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wk 5 discus - Essay Example Since the relationship between the counselor and the individual is going well, the counselor should not have "pretended" that they knew about it. Instead, it should have been a topic that was discussed in the session. Resolving the presenting issues is not possible because of the lack of knowledge. A counselor in this situation must be careful because their ideas and values will be challenged by this practice. It is not likely that this woman will adopt the American way of being or that she will accept that she should not complete the practice. What the counselor can do is help her to examine the choice and all of the issues surrounding it but ultimately the client will need to make the choice. The counselor must be in an emotional space for themselves that allows the client to make her decision without coercion by the counselor. As much as this is a terrible and demeaning practice for women, it is not something that is going to change overnight. If the counselor can assist the client emotionally in going through with the process or emotions after it (if she decides to go through with it) this would be the most beneficial way for both the client and the counselor. Female circumcision is not right and it is terrible for the individual but it is something that many women are cul turally bred to

Business Writing Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Writing Portfolio - Essay Example The above is, owing mostly to rising gas prices. The Gas prices are unlikely to go down in the near future. Instead, a further rise is expected in the next few months. In order to address the above problem, we feel a need for you to make certain adjustments in your day to day operations. The adjustments are expected to be such that the employees working in the various shifts are allowed to exercise the choice to work lesser hours a day or per week. You may explore the possibilities for the same keeping into account the number of duty roaster change requests you have received in the past few months. We are gladly willing to extend any kind of support and guidance in the matter. Although you are well aware, it is important to point out at this juncture that no new stores are being opened and no stores are being closed down. Thus, the level of competition is expected to remain same. Further, we invite your suggestions on how to address the problem better. You may mail your suggestions a s soon as possible through email or phone on any of the workdays, between 10am through 5pm. Thank you. Warmest regards, XYZ.. Manager Public relations, ABC retail group Message2: Store Employees: A business memo MEMO   To: (Employee Name)   From: (Your name)   Date: (current date)   Subject: Changes in work schedule This is to bring to your notice a change in work schedule that is being planned in next few days. The purpose of this memo is to inform you about the reasons and ways to do so. As you must be aware, owing to rising gas prices, we are experiencing a fall in profits. Besides, you as an employee also must be feeling the strain on your finances due to the same. We have decided to make it less so by allowing you to modify your work schedule and suggest the same to those responsible in your respective sections/departments for planning your duties. The objective is to allow you easy sanction of leaves and also flexible working hours, so that occasional overstaffing can be effectively managed. Full time employees will be allowed to exchange their working hours with any willing full time or part time employees, such that it does not violate the stipulated total number of working hours. This will help consolidate working hours and will require less time and cost in transportation to and from your home to work. To start with you shall work on †¦.(days) for †¦..hours with flexibility to exchange these hours with willing partners with written permission from your section head. The store shall open on Sundays and you are required to work at least four hours this Sunday. You may compensate this with a leave on any other weekday. Message 3: Retail customers: An email message Dear Customer, We are thankful to you for your continued support and loyalty to our retail brand. As part of our constant endeavor to bring the best to our customers, we have planned certain new initiatives that we shall unfold in the coming weeks. Our stores shall be open mo re hours now, so that you may get more time to experience your favorite brand and buy your favorite products at the ongoing deals you always loved. We have introduced more self help counters at the stores, so that you may get relevant product information promptly and require minimal help from our very courteous

Wk 5 discus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wk 5 discus - Essay Example Since the relationship between the counselor and the individual is going well, the counselor should not have "pretended" that they knew about it. Instead, it should have been a topic that was discussed in the session. Resolving the presenting issues is not possible because of the lack of knowledge. A counselor in this situation must be careful because their ideas and values will be challenged by this practice. It is not likely that this woman will adopt the American way of being or that she will accept that she should not complete the practice. What the counselor can do is help her to examine the choice and all of the issues surrounding it but ultimately the client will need to make the choice. The counselor must be in an emotional space for themselves that allows the client to make her decision without coercion by the counselor. As much as this is a terrible and demeaning practice for women, it is not something that is going to change overnight. If the counselor can assist the client emotionally in going through with the process or emotions after it (if she decides to go through with it) this would be the most beneficial way for both the client and the counselor. Female circumcision is not right and it is terrible for the individual but it is something that many women are cul turally bred to

Earl of Louisiana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Earl of Louisiana - Essay Example In the fight for justice and the Civil Rights movement, Earl Long’s activism and support for Blacks is synonymous with the struggles of the NAACP and other Black right activists. Earl Long was gifted with political insight. He is remembered for the steps he took in ensuring the voting process becomes more smooth and accessible to the African-Americans. The legislature opposed political franchise for the Negros, but Long called on to the African-American community to unite in the name of common cause. He urged them to show full participation in the elections despite the resistance they were facing from the higher authorities. There were about 150,000 Negros registered as voters in contrast to 850,000 whites. Negros compromised about 24 percent of the state and the discrepancy between this and their 15 percent state-wide registration is reflective of the obstacles that they faced in getting themselves registered (Liebling, 205). Backed with the supporters of Hey Long, Earl Long saw the potential in having the Blacks on his side. Making this as major a part of his political campaign, Long stood up for the rights of the blacks and secured a vast majority of vote s from the black community. Earl Long was a staunch believer of equal rights for everyone, and was not racially prejudiced and biased in advancing the rights of the Whites only. Besides the reformative measures Long took to provide Negros with voting rights, Negros gained significantly from his measures in education to increase the literacy level of the Blacks in the state. He held true to the belief that illiteracy was a major impediment to the progress of a state. He was of the viewpoint that there should be no discrepancy in the provision of education and other benefits between the whites and the blacks. During his tenure, he saw to the construction of over a hundred public schools, fourteen trade schools and an increase in the ratio of employment of black school teachers. This

Parenting Skills Essay Example for Free

Parenting Skills Essay 1. What role do you think discipline plays in developing a child’s self-esteem? What forms of discipline best serve the self-esteem of the child or adolescent? 2. List and discuss how activities, clubs, or sports, impact the self-esteem of children and parents. Provide at least two activities, clubs, or sports in your answer. Discussion Answers 1. I think that discipline done correctly could help in a child’s self-esteem. When you discipline a child make sure that they understand WHY and it makes them feel trustworthy, and included. If you treat discipline like a dictatorship the child feels like you’re abusive and they are stupid and untrustworthy. people with low self-esteem generally Fail to achieve their goals, Are not able to pursue accomplishments in a responsible and disciplined manner, Have poor communication skills, Have a pessimistic view on life, Are prone to anxiety, depression, hostility, loneliness, shame, and guilt, Form unhealthy, destructive relationships with others, and Make decisions in life more to please others than to adhere to their own interests and value systems. I think that discipline done correctly could help in a child’s self-esteem. When you discipline a child make sure that they need to understand what is happening and they need to feel included. If you treat discipline like a dictatorship the child feels like you’re abusive. people with low self-esteem generally fail to achieve their goals, have poor communication skills, have a negative view on life and are prone to anxiety, depression, loneliness, and guilt. Also, form unhealthy, destructive relationships with others, and make decisions in life more to please others. 2. Parents should encourage children to participate in sports and clubs that are productive and give a feeling of accomplishment. However, it is not always advantageous for a parent to push a child toward a particular sport or activity because sometimes the parents will push their children towards their dream sports or activities they wanted to do as a child. 3. parents should encourage children to participate in sports and clubs that are productive and give their children a feeling of accomplishment. However, it is not always advantageous for a parent to push a child toward a particular sport or activi ty.

The Monetary And Fiscal Policies Of Portugal Economics Essay

The Monetary And Fiscal Policies Of Portugal Economics Essay I. Introduction: Portugal macroeconomic situation before the crisis. Despite economic and financial crises seem to be regarded as unusual and rare, in reality they are common events. Particularly, Portugal has already seen its worst financial crisis in 1891. This crisis led Portugal to abandon the gold standard and the country was banned from borrowing in international financial markets during 20 years (Lains, 2007, p. 485). Since then, Portugal has radically changed, however, its weakness in facing the crises has remained. During the last economic and financial crisis that started in August 2008, the Portuguese economy was caught in the middle of a period of adjustment during which was already facing up to the need to correct its fiscal and external imbalances within a phase of low growth with pro-cyclical policies (Torres, 2009, p.55). This period started in the second half of 1990s with the accession to the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and was characterized by an economic boom which was followed by a slump. As a matter of fact, Blanchard (2007, p.1), two years before the crisis, stated that the Portuguese economy is in serious trouble: Productivity growth is anemic. Growth is very low. The budget deficit is large. The current account deficit is very large. Although, from 1995 to 2001, Portugal was in a catching-up phase benefiting from positive wealth effects of EMU (lower interest rates which supported the increase of the domestic demand), the current account deficit rose drastically and the unemployment rate fell to about 4% (figure 1). The reason behind the increase in the current account deficit was, indeed, the low level of unemployment which boosted the nominal wages to increase more than the labour productivity provoking a huge raise in unit labour cost and a decline in competitiveness. Moreover, the indebtedness of households and non-financial enterprises was increasing because of the elimination of the exchange rate risk, the access to the euro bond market, and the lower interest rates, both nominal and real, set by the European Central Bank (Blanchard, 2007). As result, from 2000 to 2003, savings dropped and investments increased, therefore the current account deficit slightly decreased. The Portuguese economy slowed down and then contracted in 2003. The subsequent slump was the result of the large imbalances built up during the phase of boom. For instance, the high levels of consumption were not counterbalanced by the supply which had to deal with low productivity growth and increasing unit labour costs. As a matter of fact, figure 1 shows a combined upward trend of unemployment and current account deficit between 2003 and 2005, and the attempt to reverse it through the budgetary consolidation process re-assumed by the socialist majority government elected in 2005 (Blanchard, 2007) (Torres, 2009). To sum up, table 1 and table 2 offer an overview of the macroeconomic imbalances during the phase of the boom 1995-2000 and the one of the slump 2001-2007. Table 1. Macroeconomic evolutions, 1995-2001. Source: Blanchard (2007) Table 2. Actual and projected Macroeconomic evolutions, 2001-2007. Source: Blanchard (2007) The growth rate was rather high in the timeframe 1995-2000, then, since 2001 it started falling in the subsequent years. The current account and the budget surplus were in deficit over the whole observed period and the productivity growth started to be very low since the year 2000 causing the raise of the unit labour cost. It was important to describe the macroeconomic situation of Portugal prior to the crisis in order to explain, in the next sections, how those problems have been aggravated since 2008. In fact, the phase of slump was prolonged by the financial crisis occurred in 2008. II. Policy Responses Prior to analyze the European and Portuguese policy responses to the major financial crisis that the whole world is facing since 1929, it is essential to point out what kind of crisis our society is dealing with. The main cause of the crisis may be ascribed to the crisis of derivative market in the United States. In particularly, it started from the so-called subprime mortgage crisis which was the result of a speculative bubble in the housing market in the United States. Starting from the United Stated, it has spread by causing ruptures across many other countries in the form of financial failures and a global credit crunch. The main (systemic) Portuguese banks seem not to be particularly exposed to the so-called financial toxic assets and, unlike in Ireland or Spain, there was no speculative bubble in the housing market in Portugal nor is there a subprime segment in the credit to the housing sector. (Banco do Portugal, 2008 as cited in Torres 2009) However, according to Torres (2009, p.56): Portugal, a small economy fully integrated in economic and financial terms, is particularly affected by the global financial crisis and economic recession. This is not so much due to the international exposure of the Portuguese banking sector (the Iceland syndrome) but primarily to the countrys long protracted correction of its fiscal and external imbalances, which worsen its creditworthiness and aggravate the costs of servicing the debt and the countrys perceived risk of insolvency (an Argentinean type of problem, without the risk of a currency crisis as long as the eurozone remains in place). One of the main consequences of the financial crisis was, indeed, the credit crunch. During the last decades, the European banking system has changed from a system where the bank was the intermediary for investments between families and factories, into a new system where there are large money-centre banks which play the role of the intermediary amongst regional banks, in other words, they distribute funds among regional banks. The banking crisis has occurred in Europe because of two related reasons. The large money-centre banks that provide the backbone of the inter-bank lending market are undercapitalised. With their low capitalisation, they are vulnerable to even small swings in market conditions. Any liquidity problem, thus, turns almost immediately into a solvency problem. Because of this vulnerability they did not trust each other, thus paralysing the inter-bank market. 2.1 European Policy Responses For the Euro-area countries, the monetary policy is unique and conducted by the European Central bank (ECB). Since the atmosphere of mistrust, caused by the crisis, was no longer confined to the interbank market, but it was also spreading among ordinary citizens and consumers, the European policy-makers figured out that one possible solution was to put into effect measures which contain two elements in order to restart the interbank lending: support for the liquidity management of banks and bank re-capitalisation. The first element concerns the extraordinary measures taken at European level and the second one the bank rescue measures adopted at national level. As a matter of fact, firstly, the ECB has been reducing the rate for its main refinancing operations from 4,25% to 1,5%, in the timeframe October 2008 March 2009, in order to prevent contagion by providing short-term liquidity support on the interbank markets. Such interest rate cuts have provided significant relief to the highly indebted Portuguese economy (Torres, 2009). However, if Portugal could have managed the monetary policy on its own, probably it would have set a lower interest rate which combined with the initiative for strengthening financial stability (discussed in detail in the next section) could have led to the reestablishment of bank lending standards at pre-crisis level. In other words, the upward trend of the credit diffusion index, starting in the last quarter of 2008, could have continued to increase instead of contracting in 2009 (figure 3). Moreover, a dramatic reduction in real interest rates is the main channel through which fiscal consolidation can increase demand in the short run. Since this is not the case for Portugal, as the nominal interest rate is determined for the eurozone as a whole, while a deficit reduction is needed, it would be unwise to expect it to lead, by itself, to higher demand and lower unemployment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to a boom in investment, and through capital accumulation, to a substantial improvement in competitiveness (Blanchard, 2007, p.8-9). Secondly, the ECB has promoted coordination and cooperation between national supervisors through the European System of Central Banks Banking Supervision Committee. As result, the promoted cooperation engaged both the Euro-area and the European Union (EU) in an expansionary coordinated anti-cyclical fiscal stance (Torres, 2009, pp. 56-59). To further improve the EU coordinated approach, the European Commissions response was to launch the European Economic Recovery Plan (EERP) whose strategic aims is to avoid a deep recession by promoting a counter-cyclical macro-economic response to the crisis in the form of an ambitious set of actions to support the real economy. The plan consisted of an immediate budgetary stimulus amounting to 1.5% of EU GDP, a number of priority actions, grounded in the Lisbon Strategy, and designed at the same time to adapt our economies to long-term challenges, continuing to implement structural reforms aimed at raising potential growth and a set of EU guidelines to be followed by the member States (European Commission, 2008). According to Bà ©nassy-Quà ©rà © et al. (2009, p.39), out-of-ordinary methods are used in a financial crisis because: the traditional transmission of policy rates to lending rates is hampered by the dysfunctional state of money markets. This happens at two levels: first, the interbank rate (the rate at which banks lend liquidity to each other) diverges from the central banks policy rate because banks fearing counterparty default price risk accordingly; second, the spread between the commercial banks lending rate and the interbank rate increases both because of higher risk premiums and because banks seek to increase their profits. According to Meier (2009, p. 6), a switch to unconventional policy may be motivated by the severe turmoil in credit markets. With the financial sector in crisis, policy rate cuts are not only constrained by the zero bound, but may also be less effective than during normal times. The reason is the sharp tightening of credit conditions, as lenders have curtailed loan supply and certain sources of capital market funding have all but disappeared. Indeed, such dislocations can provide a rationale for launching unconventional policies even before interest rates hit the lower bound. In sum, unconventional monetary policies serve both as a complement and as an extension of standard operations centered around the setting of short-term interest rates. One of the unconventional actions is the so-called outright asset purchase, a technique to decrease the discrepancy between interbank and lending rates. Furthermore, Meier (2009) provides a categorization of such operations, distinguishing between qualitative easing, as sterilized interventions that do not involve an increase in the central banks balance sheet, and quantitative easing, as unsterilized interventions implying an increase in base money. Unlike the US and the UK, in the Eurozone the direct purchase of government debt instruments is forbidden by art. 101 of the EC Treaty, therefore quantitative easing is not contemplated. Figure 2 shows how liquidity provisions and out-of-the-ordinary policies, adopted by ECB, Federal Reserve (FED) and Bank of England (BOE), increased the size of the central banks balance sheets. Assets hold by the ECB are about 50% lower than FED and BOE because they executes quantitative ease operations (Bà ©nassy-Quà ©rà © et al. 2009, pp. 42-44). 2.2 Portuguese Policy Responses With the financial crisis Portugal has re-focused its economic policy from budgetary consolidation to an anti-cyclical budgetary policy effort to support households, investment, employment and, last but not least, to strengthen financial stability (MFAP 2009 as cited in Torres 2009). At the end of 2008, to guarantee stability of the financial system and to safeguard the households deposits held by credit institutions, the Portuguese government, following the trend of the other member states, decided to save two banks: the Banco Portuguà ªs de Negà ²cios (BPN) and the Banco Privado Portuguà ªs (BPP). In particular, BPN was nationalized and BPP was granted a guarantee for a bank loan provided by a group of banks. Although the dimension of those banks was small, the government feared that the potential loss incurred by many small depositors could generate a run of bank depositors in general, putting at risk the stability of the financial system (Torres, 2009, p.61). The second measure to strengthen financial stability was taken in October 2008 when the Portuguese Ministry of finance and public administration announced the endorsement of the Initiative for strengthening financial stability (ISFS) in order to respond to the substantial external shock, to which it was being subject, due to severe liquidity restrictions in international financial and money markets. The ISFS was aim to enhance conditions for credit institutions access to liquidity in financial markets and was based on granting State guarantees for the financing of credit institutions. According to MFAP(2008), this Initiative: (i) Enhances the confidence in the domestic financial system; (ii) Permits timely intervention adapted to market conditions; (iii) Is temporary, remaining effective only while market conditions have not returned to normal; (iv) Safeguards the interest of depositors and taxpayers; (v) Allows the shareholders and managers of banks to be held accountable whenever necessary and fosters the adoption of good corporate governance principles, in accordance with best international practices; (vi) Safeguards the interests of the market in general and a level playing field among competitors, in particular. According to Torres (2009, p. 60), the aim of the coordinated guarantees on new issuance of bank debt was to address funding problems of liquidity-constrained but solvent banks. Thus, this initiative was a viable and less costly source of funding to allow banks to issue new debts. A third measure was to take advantage of the increased flexibility of the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) to pay outstanding state debts under the form of a program for the extraordinary settlement of the states debts to suppliers (Council of Ministers Resolution no. 191-A/2008 of 27 November as cited in Torres 2009). However, in my opinion the results of those initiatives were rather limited. I can, indeed, argue that, in Portugal, bank lending standards are tightening. In support to my opinion, figure 3 provides an evidence: the largest observed swing occurred from the last quarter of 2007 to the last one of 2008 when the diffusion index dropped sharply to the minimum observed value, representing the credit crunch. To evaluate the effects of the ISFS it is sufficient to look at the trend starting from the last quarter of 2008, the upswing lasts for only a quarter to stabilize at the level of about minus 45% compared to the pre-crisis conditions. The 19th of January 2009, the Portuguese government updated the Stability and growth Program for 2008-11. Following the EU guidelines concerning EERP, the government incorporated in the SGP program the Investment and Employment Initiative Program (IEIP), as fully consistent with the National Reform Plan for 2008-2010 (within the framework of the Lisbon Strategy), as it also aimed at contributing to addressing the countrys structural weaknesses. The draft law creating the IEIP was composed of five structural measures including several projects or actions to support households and businesses next to those aimed at combating the rise in interest rates and in the price of raw materials and food products and credit restrictions, which had already been envisaged in the state budget for 2009.. The IEIP was expected to have a budgetary impact of about 0.8 per cent of GDP in 2009 (about 0.5 increase in expenditure and 0.3 reduction in revenue in percentage of GDP). The five measures were: modernization of schools; fostering renewable energies, energy efficiency and energy transmission infrastructure; modernization of technological infrastructure and new generation broadband networks; special support to economic activity, exports and SME; protecting employment and strengthening social protection (Torres, 2009). 1). Higher investment in human capital help to avoid the risk of depression of productivity performance. In Portugal the educational attainment of the working-age population is low and the intergenerational educational mobility has been sluggish. Furthermore, the international student performance survey (PISA) shows that Portuguese students are below the OECD average (figure 4). To increase efficiency, the smallest schools have been closed and changes to the teachers timetable are allowing a more efficient allocation of human resources. Moreover, upper-secondary education has been diversified to incorporate technical and vocational courses (OECD 2009). and 3). Portugal might take advantage of the temporary increase in spending under the recovery plan to promote a leap forward to new competitive green goods and technologies. There is a clear case for the world, and for the EU to maintain its leadership in the process, and even more so for a small country like Portugal, to address climate change and the financial crisis at the same time by building up a competitive basis for sustainable development (Torres, 2009, p.66). Activity collapsed at the end of 2008 under the weight of the global economic crisis. The huge decline in external demand was caused by the falling activity in a number of Portugals major export markets, particularly Spain which accounts for about 25% of portuguese total exports. Moreover, insufficient harmonization of regulations with major trading partners seem to have impeded trade, particularly in services. Despite the governments announcement of additional revenue measures the deterioration in economic activity without further reductions in government outlays, or a more rapid economic upturn, means that the budget deficit could rise above 4.5% in 2010 and to increase further in 2011. The deterioration in economic activity was partly caused by the administrative burdens on business. Starting, running, and closing a business have been hampered by onerous regulation, including a cumbersome licensing regime that has weakened competition and, thus, productivity growth throughout the economy (OECD, 2008, 2009a, 2009c; European Commission 2009). Figure 5 provides evidence that Portuguese burden on business in the form of regulation are higher than EU average. Productivity growth has been sluggish during the last decade, lagging behind the OECD average with a decreasing trend since 1990 (figure 6), partly on account of labour market rigidities such as high employment protection and insufficient human capital accumulation. Those weaknesses have led to a further widening of the large productivity gap with respect to the Eurozone. The protection of workers against individual dismissal has been the most restrictive in the OECD, with very cumbersome procedures, as clearly highlighted in figure 7. The new legislation put forward by the Portuguese government is aimed to significantly simplify dismissal procedures. However, protection of regular workers against dismissals will remain more restrictive than in the average OECD country. Therefore, it is essential to enforce the reform measures because tighter credit conditions, weak exports, and subdued internal demand depressed business investment in 2009 and led to a labour shedding and an increase in the unemployment rate which is projected to reach a double-digit rate in 2010 (OECD , 2008, 2009c; European Commission 2009). According to Blanchard (2007), Portugal is today in a scenario of Competitive disinflation, defined as a period of sustained high unemployment, leading to lower nominal wage growth until relative unit labor cost have decreased, competitiveness has improved, the current account deficit has decreased, and demand and output have recovered. If we look at the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) of a country, an instrument which can be used to assess price or cost competitiveness relative to the position of the countrys principal competitors, it is easy to notice that Portugal has substantially lost competitiveness against Germany since 1995 (figure 8). A rise in the index means a loss of competitiveness taking into account productivity changes via the movement in comparative unit costs (Hugh, 2009). Therefore, as this trend is going on since 15 years it is hard to invert it without huge efforts and structural reforms. In the context of the budgetary policy, in 2008, Portugal has also taken action to reduce taxes through the cut of one percentage point of the VAT rate, the creation of a general corporate income tax rate of 12,5% and the reduction of advance income tax payments for SME (State Budget, 2009). Nevertheless, the fiscal position has deteriorated significantly in 2009 reflecting weaker economic conditions, lower revenues and spending rises to support the economy. Fiscal stimulus measures focusing on public investment, support to companies and exports and social assistance will directly increase the budget deficit (OECD, 2009a, 2009b). Torres (2009, p. 65) argued that: In a small open economy like Portugal, fiscal policy has limited effectiveness with regard to influencing aggregate demand. This applies even more to the current environment of financial distress and uncertainty, where banks will try to de-leverage and households to save. Moreover, the Portuguese economy is already particularly exposed due to its fragile financial position, as reflected in its accumulated external imbalances, which puts at stake the markets confidence in the sustainability of public finances. Given the risks involved for the costs of servicing the debt and ultimately for its solvency and permanence in EMU, it seems essential for the government to credibly pre-commit to medium-term budgetary objectives. It thereby signals its determination to pursue fiscal consolidation in spite of the temporary stimulating measures adopted within the EERP and to ensure that those exceptional measures do not mark a departure from budgetary sustainability. Moreover, external debt has been high and rising (figure 9) and, thus, leading Portugal to become the third eurozone economy to undergo a long-term credit rating reduction, to AA minus, by Standard Poors because of its failure to tackle deteriorating public finances (Torres, 2009, p.64). Finally, last but not least, Portugal is undergoing a strong disinflation process which is highlighted by the fall of the Consumer Price Index to its minimum levels (figure 10). European Central Bank council member and Bank of Portugal Governor Vitor Constancio is aware of the danger and has indicated that the ECB is prepared to reduce borrowing costs further to prevent inflation slowing significantly below its 2 percent ceiling, even going so far, if necessary, as to introduce some variant of quantitative easing. He still thinks it wont happen, but he is well aware of the possibility, as indeed we all should be (Hugh, 2009, p. 21). To conclude, it is important to point out that the inflation is expected to be under the OECD average during the whole 2010 to catch-up with the OECD countries after 2011 (figure 11). Furthermore, the danger of the risk of disinflation is real as shown in figure 12, where the harmonized index of consumer prices is expected to remain below the ceiling of 2% during the whole projected period. Conclusions: What should be done? The policy responses analysis has highlighted serious structural problems for Portugal and, as a matter of fact, Portuguese growth is expected to lag behind the OECD average during the whole 2010 and 2011 (figure 13). SUM UP PROBLEMS In fact, despite Portugal has made significant progress in fiscal consolidation and has launched important structural reforms to modernize the economy and enhance growth, in my opinion, additional structural reforms, in order to find a way out from the crisis, are still necessary, notably, in the following areas: Education The secondary education attainment should be improved since human capital represents one of the main durable determinants of growth in the long run. Moreover, reforming the educational system might enhance productivity performance. According to OECD (2009c), the reform should increase the proportion of education spending on non-wage items, continue to strengthen teachers on the job-training and to develop vocational and technical education and, finally, Portugal should fully implement a performance-based evaluation and career-progression system for teachers. Employment One of the clearest examples of the problems highlighted by the crisis is to be found in the stagnation of the labour market. It is essential to reform employment protection legislation with proposals aimed at enhancing the adaptability of the labour force, to address rigidities in labour market regulations and improve the efficiency of active labour market programs; otherwise the strictness of the Portuguese employment protection will continue to have negative effects on growth and productivity (OECD 2009c). Moreover, the unemployment rate is expected to be higher than the OECD average during the next two years (figure 14). Concerning the slow productivity growth problem, Blanchard (2007, p.8-20) suggests a decrease in nominal wages. Even if it sounds exotic, it can substantially reduce the employment cost of the adjustment. However, in Portugal today, the labor law forbids unjustified wage decreases and in practice rules out decreases in nominal wages for economic reasons. Business A deepening of the reform process is required to create a dynamic business environment by reducing the administrative burdens on business. Despite the importance of the recent reforms, a full implementation of them is essential. Competition in the whole economy should also be strengthened through investment in key infrastructure sectors, such as telecommunications, electricity and transportation, to enhance the quality, efficiency and quantity of the services they provide. This would have a direct effect on the cost-competitiveness of firms in Portugal, facilitate trade flows, domestically and internationally and make Portugal a more attractive destination for FDI, which has the potential to boost productivity (). Finally, OECD (2009c) recommends to harmonize regulations with major trading partners, including service sector standards and qualification requirements. Tax system A reform is necessary to simplify the tax system, broaden the corporate tax base and decrease tax expenditures in order to reduce fiscal imbalances. Designing and implementing fiscal consolidation remains a priority for Portugal because the deficit needs to be reduced. Silva (2008) provides empirical evidence that, in Portugal, taxes negatively affect productivity because an increase in the taxes decreases consumption, capital, output and welfare. Moreover, he states that for Portugal taxes are able to predict the pattern of the labour supply over the years. Therefore, the government should take into consideration how a tax system reform might serve a double objective: raise the productivity and reduce fiscal imbalances. Nevertheless, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Table 3. Actual and projected Macroeconomic evolutions, 2001-2007. Source: OECD

Ball Bearings :: essays research papers

The object of ball bearings (and roller bearings) is the substitution of pure rolling motion for plain sliding friction. Ball Bearings rely on the rolling motion of hardened steel balls to absorb loads. This rolling motion produces far less friction than the sliding motion. These steel balls are held in circular rows between an outer and inner ring, which have raceways, or slots, grooved into them to guide the balls. Ball bearings are available in both filling-slot and no filling-slot types. Other types of bearings have developed from these basic designs, like double-row and deep groove bearings, to handle specific application. No filling-slot bearings have a deep uninterrupted raceway, which allows them to carry both high radial loads as well as moderate Thrust loads. Filling-slot bearings have more balls than no filling bearings of comparable size. This gives them a higher radial load capacity, but Thrust loads must be light. Types of Ball bearing systems: Rigid single row ball bearing. - Basic type of bearing widely used. The balls run in comparatively deep grooved tracks, which make the bearing suitable for both radial (journal) load and axial thrust load. The bearing provides location of the shaft in relation to the housing when provided with suitable means of clamping. Rigid single row bearing with filling slots for balls. - This bearing contains more balls than the standard type and can therefore take heavier radial loads but only limited thrust. Rigid double row bearing. - For heavy radial loads and to provide greater rigidity. Requires accurate location if used in conjunction with another bearing. Self-aligning double row bearing. - For applications in which slight deflections cannot be avoided when rotating. Aligning single row bearing. - This bearing will correct initial angular misalignment between shaft and housing but is not designed to accommodate shaft deflection or misalignment when rotating. Angular contact single row bearing. - Gives precise axial location under thrust load. May be used in pairs to accommodate thrust in either direction. Duplex bearing. - Used to take heavy thrust in either direction or some radial load.

Sustainability in Entrepreneurship, Innovation

Discuss the relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development. What role does sustainability play in this relationship? Refer to both theory and examples from the business world to support your discussion. In today’s economy, entrepreneurship is an important subject and entrepreneurial abilities have become a pivotal requirement both nationally and globally. However, enterprises that succeed mostly do so as they are capable of change for the better, through innovation. So for an enterprise to be successful innovation is required.Creativity and innovation is at the heart of the 21st century. For example in the United States alone, more than 16,000 firms operate their own research labs! These successful enterprises and their advancements in innovation as a result lead to a country’s economic development. Economic development has become a focus of attention by governments around the world. As the UK Office of Science and Technology (2007) put it, à ¢â‚¬Å"Innovation is the motor of the modern economy.. † Thus there is no doubt that a connection between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development prevails.The three factors are complementary because innovation helps any form of entrepreneurship to prosper, thereby increasing its economic value, thus contributing to economic development. This paper will examine this relationship of entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development, and explore the extent of its connection. To begin, it will define these terms, and then connect them accordingly, using economic literature and real life examples for evidence. Secondly, the essay will look at what sustainability is, types f sustainable innovation, whether it’s a threat or opportunity for enterprises, and its effect on economic development.The term entrepreneurship can take numerous definitions. Simply put, entrepreneurship is the act of an entrepreneur, and that is someone who assumes the risk for and organi zes a business project. Economist Richard Cantillon first used the term entrepreneurship in his book Essai Sur La Nature de Commerce en General (1959) where he explains that an entrepreneur is one who buys things at a lower price, and sells them at a higher price, undertaking the risk factor. More recently, Joseph Shumpeter provided a thorough description, where he divided entrepreneurship to two types: allocating and catalytic.Further, Shumpeter (1934) stressed on the importance of an entrepreneur to be innovative, â€Å"Whatever the type, everyone is an entrepreneur only when he actually carries out a new combinations and loses that character as soon as he has built up his business†. This leads into the connection of entrepreneurship with innovation. Mintzberg (1983) defined innovation as â€Å"the means to break away from established patterns. † Innovation is the creation of something new; and in the business world, it would be for moneymaking benefit. According to Shumpeter, it can be the creation of a new product, opening a new market and so on.Thus, it can be stated that innovation is required for an enterprise to succeed, so is a factor contributing to the process of entrepreneurship. Innovation can take two forms, incremental or radical. A radical innovation can be stated as a â€Å"gap-filler† as economist Harvey Leibenstein (1968) put it, which is a novel creation that fills a â€Å"gap† in the market. Radical innovation is a vital for economic development as the problem is missing markets is solved. There we see the connection of innovation with economic development.Economic development can be defined as a positive progress in an economy, usually through government expenditures to promote the wellbeing of the economy and society as a whole. It can be measured by taking into account a country’s standard of living, economic health, environmental sustainability and other factors. According to Harvey Leibenstein in his book The American Economic Review (1968 p77), there is no universally accepted theory of economic development, but there are two important elements that contribute to development, one of which is the â€Å"Interaction between the creation of economic capacity and the related creation of demand [.. The entrepreneur is probably the prime mover of the ‘capacity creation’ part of these elements of the growth process. † In addition, as said in the Hamilton Project (2012), â€Å"Innovation has transformed the American economy through the development of automobiles and highways, airplanes, telecommunications, and the internet, all of which have made it progressively easier for businesses to market their products.. † which as a result, help the business enterprises. Thus, it is undeniable that there is strong connection between entrepreneurship, innovation and conomic development, as has been stated in literature time and time again. It can also be proven with th e use of real life examples, for instance in the software industry, which today is globally worth $489 billion. Microsoft, â€Å"the worldwide leader in software technology†, an innovation founded by Bill Gates, had a revenue of $28. 37 billion in the year 2002, and employed more than 50,000 employees in 78 countries as said in Andriopoulos and Dawson’s, Managing Change, Creativity & Innovation Textbook (2009 p94).Microsoft’s software is an example of an incremental innovation, and a successful enterprise, which thus became a major contributor to USA’s economic development. An example of a radical innovation that majorly contributed to economic development was Henry Fords simple invention of the assembly line method of production in the 1920’s. Its application to the production of Ford cars reduced the time to produce the Model T Ford by 68%, thereby increasing efficiency, and reducing its cost by 62%, thereby increasing the demand for the car.This a result increased employment in America, increased travel around the country, helped all businesses reduce costs, and raised the standard of living of the middle-class American family who could now afford a car, which had once been a luxury. All these factors contributed to of economic development of the US economy, which was booming at the time. Therefore, it can be firmly stated that a strong connection between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development does exist, and that they are often times co-occurring.A change in one can have an effect on the other; however, they are not dependent upon on another. For example, economic develop does have other factors contributing to it, aside from entrepreneurial gain. Secondly, I believe that entrepreneurships can succeed without innovation. This is where I disagree with Schumpeter’s theory of Creative Destruction. In this, Shumpeter claims that an entrepreneur has to do something novel to be successful, however in world of business there have been instances that prove his theory wrong.For example, in the 1990s’s, a team of entrepreneurs from the US implemented a set of multi screen cinemas in Mexico City called Cinemax, which was a well-known and established business model in the US. This was very successful in Mexico City, and the chain of cinemas was sold for $300 million ten years later. This is very entrepreneurial, but not innovative. Therefore I believe that whilst innovation and entrepreneurship go hand in hand, an entrepreneur does not necessarily need to be innovative in his/her thinking to be successful.Hence, I agree with Schumpeter’s theory only to an extent, in that they are strongly related, but disagree with the fact that an entrepreneurship has to be novel in order to be successful and contribute to economic development. Almost all economies today are growing rapidly, China and India for example. Though this is a primary objective of all countries, governments and oth er environmentally friendly organizations are far more concerned on ensuring that this development occurs without excessive damage to the environment.The aim is to ensure human needs are met; but also conserved for the needs of the future generations, and as a result conserving the environment. This is also known as sustainable development. According to the Brundtland report (1987), sustainable development is â€Å"Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. † Sustainability can take many forms, including economic, social and environmental. This essay will look at sustainability in the economic form and understand sustainability from the business point of view.The implementation of government regulations, such as UK’s DEFRA, which look at conserving and protecting the environment, and fine or reprove businesses that do not, may initially seem as a problem for many companies. But in actu ality, in can help the businesses and even be an opportunity for innovation. The need to be sustainable has created environmentally friendly inventions, an internal driver of sustainability, boosting economic growth accordingly. Sustainability in business encourages enterprises to cut down on its costs and produce more with less. Companies today reduce, reuse and recycling waste material.In addition, it gives way for invention of environmentally friendly products, such as the Panasonic’s Rhythm eShower for water conservation and Toyota’s invention of the Prius, an electric car, which would in turn reduce fuel consumption. Toyota even won the title of â€Å"Best Global Green Brands 2012† (BusinessWeek, 2012) for the second time in a row. Further, it has resulted in the invention of renewable energy methods such as solar photovoltaic cells and tidal stream generators, a new industry in the market. British company, Lunar Energy has decided to build the worlds first tidal energy farm deep sea, providing energy for 5000 homes.As a result, creating employment too. The requirement for businesses to be sustainable has created employment, promoted innovation and has even opened up a whole new industry in renewable energy, thereby contributing to economic growth. The contribution sustainable development makes to the economy is clear in the long run, as the economy is sure to sustain in the future as well. The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change (2006) explains how there is a negative impact on economic growth if governments and businesses are not environmentally friendly.Economist Nicholas Stern stated that if we don’t act in a sustainable manner, the impacts that occur would cost damage worth of 20% of a country’s GDP. Whereas in contrast, investment in greener and more sustainable development today, would only cost 1% of global GDP each year. I believe that while sustainable development may result in some businesses to lo se out, overall it opens new industries, encourages innovation and also works in favor of the economy in the long run.To conclude, It can be stated that sustainability can play an important role in economic development, and can encourage enterprises to innovate environmentally friendly technology, cut costs, and thus be more successful. It also helps a country’s economy in the long run as it would not have to heavily spend on the damages caused by global warming. As said by Schumpeter, (1934 p367) â€Å"The entrepreneur is the prime mover in economic development and his function is to carry out new combinations. † This is true in the sense that through innovation, enterprises can succeed and contribute to an economy’s development.Thus, it is clear that businesses and innovation have a positive effect on economic development are strongly connected. But again, I do not believe that all enterprises must be innovative to succeed, and that for a new business to open, a current one must be eroded. Therefore in conclusion it can be stated that entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development are complementary in real life, and are at often times co-occurring, but are not dependent on one another. And encouraging businesses to be sustainable will only have a positive impact on the economy, when taking the long run impacts into account.Bibliography The American Economic Review Harvey Leibenstein. (May 1968) Page 77. Volume 78, No. 2, American Economic Association. Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses Paul Burns. (2007) 2nd Edition, Palgrave MacMillan, New York Stern Review of the Economics of Climate Change Nicholas Stern. (October, 2006) The Theory of Economic Development Joseph A. Shumpeter. (1983) Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, New Jersey Our Common Future (The Report of the Brundtland Commission) United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development. 1987) BusinessWeek Bloomberg. (July 2012) Power In and Around Organizati ons (The Theory of Management Policy) Henry Mintzberg. (January 1983) Published by Prentice Hall, College Division Hamilton Project Michael Greenstone, Adam Looney and Leslie B. Samuels. (May 2012) Managing Change, Creativity & Innovation Constantine Andriopoulos and Patrick Dawson. (2007) Published by TJ International Ltd. Padstow, Great Britain Essai Sur La Nature de Commerce en General Richard Cantillon. (1959) Published by Frank Cass and Co. , London

HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act) Essay

The HIPAA is divided into two sections. Section one seeks to protect the right to continued health insurance cover for employees and their family members in the event of losing their job or shifting to another job (U. S. Department of Labor, 2010). This section also dictates limitations to group health plan benefits, which can be provided to preexisting condition to between 12 and 18 months after enrollment into the plan. However, the act does not impose such restrictions to long term plans provided separately from general health plan. This enables employees and their families to have insurance cover even after losing employment. The other crucial provision of the HIPAA is on patient information privacy (National Institute of Health, 2007). In a move to simplify and improve the efficiency of the use and transfer of health information, the act dictates for the development of rules setting standards for such operations within the health care system. The section also defines various programs for mitigating fraud activities or abuse of power in the system. On privacy, the act gives provisions for the use of disclosure of protected health care information of a patient (National Institute of Health, 2007). This is quite crucial in protecting the right to privacy and confidentiality by a patient. HIPAA also sets new transaction and code sets rule, which defines the standards for health care institutions to file their electronic claims for compensation. In addition, the act has established a security rule, which dictates new safeguard in dealing with electronic protected health information (U. S. Department of Health & Human services, 2003). To ensure effectiveness as well as flexibility of the security rule, it defines both required and addressable specifications for implementing the rule; with the latter being more flexible. Therefore, the HIPAA protects employee health insurance cover after loss of change of job and safeguards protected health information use and disclosure.

A Liter of Light

The solar bottle bulb is taking the developing world by storm bringing sustainable, affordable lighting to the underprivileged rural communities in a number of regions around the globe, the concept is cheap, simple and most importantly sustainable, but how did such an amazing idea come about? The concept was first conceived in 2002 by Alfred Moser, a mechanic in SAA Paulo, Brazil, to light his workshop when his neighborhood was suffering energy shortages, enabling him to continue working.His neighbors, intrigued by the idea, soon started following suit, adding the bulbs to heir homes in kitchens, bathrooms and living areas where electric light was prohibitively expensive and inefficient. The bottle bulb revolution was then further enhanced by The â€Å"Mystery Foundation†, which runs a program in the Philippines called â€Å"sang Lilting Lillian: a Liter of Light†. Based on a project developed by students at MIT under the Appropriate Technologies discipline, the project aims to bring sustainable, affordable lighting to the underprivileged rural communities in the country.A Liter of Light aim to bring light 1 million homes using this green genealogy not only in the Philippines but in shantytowns in India, Africa and other southeast Asian countries, by the end of 2012. Solar bottle bulbs are usually made out of 2-L bottles, use no electricity and produce the same amount of light as a 50- to 60-watt incandescent bulb, there is no leakage and the bottles can stay there for years without any need for maintenance! The water bottle lights are said to last for 5 years.The concept seems so simple but how does it work? The lights work by refracting sunlight in a 360-degree arc around the room, which provides superior light to a window or skylight, only allowing light into a room in a erect beam. The bleach keeps the water clean and clear by preventing algae growth. So what's the science behind the concept? When light moving through the air runs into a dense r medium such as water, it changes direction because of refraction.The light beam â€Å"bends† when it enters the so that it's traveling more directly down into water. That's very helpful if you're trying to get more light to go down through the bottle into a dark room below. Despite this, some of the light will still be on a path to the opposite side of the cylinder. A portion of the light is trapped in the cylinder because of simple reflection.

Commiuncation in business- case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Commiuncation in business- case study - Essay Example The case study content will be highlighted first where the client is described in detail and key terms will be described in detail and these include motivation as well as culture. The overview of the situation will be discussed in detail and the last part will specifically focus on suggestions about recommendations as well as solutions about how a team leader might use these theories to motivate their employees. Terms of reference In my capacity as a human resources consultant, Google Inc has approached me to offer advice about how it can improve its operations with regards to motivation of its employees across cultures. Basically, Google Inc is a multinational public company that specialises computer services and internet search corporation based in California. According to its official website, Google operates one of the biggest internet search engines in the world and it develops a number of internet based services and products. The organisation operates more than one million seve rs in data centers around the world and it has more than 200Â  000 employees worldwide. Against this background, they have approached me to offer advice about how they can improve their operations across cultures given that they operate in different countries with diverse cultures in a bid to ensure that these employees are satisfied with their work. The organisation is primarily concerned with obtaining information about how the leaders can motivate their employees across cultures. The concept of motivation plays a very pivotal role in as far as viability of the organisation is concerned. Employees form the back bone of each organisation given that they are the ones who actually perform all the work. In this given case, the leaders of Google ought to know that there is every need to satisfy the needs of the employees for their own good with regards to growth of the organisation. Motivation in this case is not only limited to financial gains but it extends to include other psycholo gical benefits. These will help create a sense of belonging to the organisation whereby retention of key staff can be possible. In this regard, this client has consulted me with the main aim of ensuring that the company continues to grow since it is their aim. The organisation is also concerned with establishing the impact of culture on its operations. Operating in diverse cultural backgrounds is not an easy feat given that people from different countries have different values that determine the way they behave. These values ought to be taken into consideration the reason why Google has sought advice from an expert in this area. Different people have different values and these ought to be taken into consideration so as to ensure that the organisation achieves its goal of remaining a leading internet service provider globally. Culture also plays a pivotal role in an organisation as it is mainly concerned with establishing the expected standards of operation within the organisation. T he leaders of Google have also approached me to get information about leadership in the organisation as this