The History and Influence of Jazz in America Essay example

Jazz is consider one of the most influential types of music an America History. Some of the greatest artist in the world have contribute to the success jazz have had not only on America History but throughout the world. This paper will explain the history of jazz, where it all came from and the effect it has had on the America Culture. Meltingpot.fortuecity.com states the in the 1930’s and 1940’s jazz was at it all time highest. Although it is unclear when jazz first started some believe jazz started in New Orleans. Work it way up toward other major cities throughout in Midwest, such cities as Memphis, St. Louis, and Chicago have their own unique style of jazz. While the city of New Orleans was founded in 1719 by French men and for†¦show more content†¦Nps.gov states that some of the greatest musician in America History has come from the jazz side of the world. Artist such as Louis Armstrong, Billy Holiday and Jelly â€Å"Roll† Morton, pave the way for jazz to reach its height as it did in the early 20’s with the upbeat tempo and smooth classical sound. These artist brung a unique sound to jazz that was not there. Louis Armstrong contribute to jazz is so remarkable, he played the trumpet like no other. His sound was so soothing to the ears. When you think about jazz, Louis Armstrong is one of the first names most people relate to jazz. Jelly â€Å"Roll† Morton was probably the most influence artist there is. An innovative piano stylist and composer, began his odyssey outside of New Orleans as early as 1907. He continue his work throughout the 1920’s and was mainly consider the reason of the swing era. Pbs.com Ken Burns states that just like all music jazz went through it trial era of music. The swing era was very popular through the early 1930’s into the late 1940’s. The swing style type of music consist of large number of band member featuring at least three to four saxophones, two or three trumpets, two to three trombones, a piano guitar and a bass violin. Not including the lead vocalist of the groups. Swinging was a life style that lifted anyoneShow MoreRelatedBlues and Jazz Influence Paper1698 Words   |  7 Pages The Influence of 1920 Blues and Jazz on Modern Music Mark Carter The Influence of 1920 Blues and Jazz on Modern Music This paper is will try to show how the music that started with singing of old songs by the slaves to influences the music that the world listens to today. Shaping the music of Rock and Roll, Country and Western, and Easy Listening that influences every aspect of society’s everyday life are Blues and Jazz. 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Leadership Styles Autocratic, Bureaucratic, And Laissez...

There are three main leadership styles: Autocratic, Bureaucratic, and Laissez-faire. Autocratic, otherwise known as Authoritarian, leadership styles assume that employees are externally motivated and incapable of making external decisions. Therefore, orders are given out specifically with clear expectations and deadlines. In this leadership style the leader has the final say in the project (Finkleman, 2012). Democratic Leaders are less productive then authoritarian leaders; however, they tend to have the most quality. This is a result of the leaders giving guidance as well as participating in the project. Participants are encouraged to grow, be engaged, and tend to feel like valuable members of the team (Cherry, 2015). Laissez- faire leaders take very hands off approach to the project. Participants are less motivated and less productive then the previous two. The leader assumes that the participants are internally motivated by recognition, achievement, and increased responsibility. 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Bruce Lee The God Essay Example For Students

Bruce Lee The God Essay A learned man once went to a Zen teacher to inquire about Zen. As the Zen teacher explained, the learned man would frequently interrupt him with remarks like, Oh, yes, we have that too and so on. Finally the Zen teacher stopped talking and began to server tea to the learned man. He poured the cup full, and the kept pouring until the cup overflowed. Enough! the learned man once more interrupted. No more can go into the cup! Indeed, I see, answered the Zen teacher. If you do not first empty the cup, how can you taste my cup of tea? -Bruce Lee He who knows not and knows not he knows not, He is a fool- Shun him. He who knows not and knows he knows not, He is simple- Teach him. He who knows and knows not he knows, He is asleep- Awaken him. He who knows and knows that he knows, He is wise- follow him. Bruce Lee Dont think; feel. Its like a finger pointing away to the moon. Dont concentrate on the finger, or you will miss all the heavenly glory. Bruce Lee in Enter The Dragon 1974

The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat free essay sample

The Man Who Mistook His Wife For a Hat What is completely amazing is that with these conditions attacking his mental abilities Dr. P was able to function and continue working with his music students. The left side of the brain controls four very important everyday functions. Listening, calculations, logic and analysis. The author makes a very interesting observation. Neurology and psychology discuss many facets and explanations of our mental processes but almost never talk of â€Å"judgment†. However, whether in a philosophic sense or an empirical and evolutionary sense, judgment is the most important faculty we have. Judgment must be the first faculty of higher life or mind, yet it is ignored or misinterpreted by classical neurology. After several examinations Dr. Sacks concluded Dr. P was not capable of describing a glove properly. A five year old can describe a glove. Dr. P was completely lost in attempting the six faces put in front of him. We will write a custom essay sample on The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Evidently there was difficulty in some of the attributes of the right side of the brain also. When questioned by Dr. P as to what was wrong with him and what recommendations he would make Dr. Sacks replied in this way; I can’t tell you what I find wrong with you, but I’ll l say what I find right. You are wonderful musician and music is your life. In a case like yours, you must make music your whole life. That was the last time Dr. Sacks saw Dr. P. The brain is a machine and a computer. With one major difference. Our mental processes which constitute our being and life are not abstract and mechanical, but personal as well. This means we not only classify and categorize but we continue to judge and feel. If this is missing there is another Dr. P on the horizon. In his introduction Dr. Sacks makes one important reference to the right side of the brain to use his terminology the â€Å"right hemisphere†, in relationship to direct consciousness. The listings include emotion, conceptual daydreaming, creativity, and everyday functions, taken for granted, until something goes amiss. Then the right becomes as important as the left. Especially in the patient doctor relationship. References The Man Who Mistook His Wife For a Hat By Dr. Oliver Sacks Published By Simon amp; Schuster New York

The West African Regional War Essay Example For Students

The West African Regional War Essay The West Africa Regional WarFor observers of the West Africa regional war, the recent calm in the war-torn Mano River Union (MRU) states Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea has given rise to optimism. Guarded, as this optimism might be, the decrease in violence in West Africa during the second half of 2001 is an important development given the scope and intensity of fighting that gripped these states earlier in the year. While observers agree that the current absence of widespread violent conflict in the MRU is a much-welcomed development, it must not mask the profound cleavages within these societies, the tenuous nature of the UN-imposed peace in Sierra Leone, and the continued serious threat of renewed warfare in the region. A brief overview of the horrendous and persistent conflicts that have engulfed the MRU over the past decade underscores the need for vigilance by the international community in its pursuit of lasting peace in West Africa. The past dozen years of violent conflict in West Africa have led to the death, injury, and mutilation of hundreds of thousands of people and the displacement of millions more. Conservative estimates place the total number of war-related deaths during the seven-year civil war in Liberia (1989 1996) at 150,000, more than 5 percent of Liberias estimated population (SIPRI Yearbook, 1996). We will write a custom essay on The West African Regional War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now But this number only begins to tell the story of the horror that civil war brought to this small nation of 2.8 million United Nations Development Program (UNDP), Human Development Report, 1995. Hundreds of thousands more Liberians were injured, displaced, and terrorized by the conflict, and today the tiny state remains the hostage of its corrupt and brutal dictator, Charles Taylor. After the war spread into Sierra Leone in 1991, it had a similarly devastating effect. As in Liberia, armed insurgents preyed on the rural populations, raping, pillaging, and forcefully inducting children into their ranks. During the eight years of warfare that followed, it is estimated (conservatively) that over 60,000 of Sierra Leones estimated 4.2 million inhabitants were killed and hundreds of thousands more injured, mutilated, and displaced (SIPRI Yearbook, 2001; UNDP, Human Development Report, 1995). The 2001 UNDP Human Development Report ranks Sierra Leone last out of the 162 nations rated on the human development index (HDI), a composite measure based on life expectancy, education, and gross domestic product per capita. Most of the refugees sought shelter in neighboring Guinea. The end of the 1990s housed over 500,000 refugees housed in hundreds of camps and settlements in Guinea, one of the largest refugee populations in the world (U.S. Commission for Refugees, Guinea: Country Report 1999, www. refugees.org/world/countryrpt/africa/1999/guinea.htm). While the destabilizing effects on Guinean society of large numbers of Liberian and Sierra Leonean refugees was profound throughout the 1990s, sustained cross-border conflict did not break out between Guinea and her neighbors until 2000. Cross-border attacks into Guinea by Sierra Leones Revolutionary United Front (RUF) and various Liberian-based rebel groups precipitated a harsh military response from the Guinean military, which led to thousands of militia and civilian casualties. Of course, fighting in West Africa during the 1990s was not confined to the MRU states. Serious bloodshed occurred in Guinea-Bissau (1999), the southern Casamance region of Senegal (ongoing), and Nigeria (ongoing) and conflict threatens to engulf c?te dIvoire. Sometimes referred to as the arc of conflict in West Africa, these wars escape simple classification. While the war that started in 1989 in Liberia has become regionalized in the rest of the MRU, the other areas of instability in West Africa are based on intra-state phenomena. Nevertheless, the broader and deeper that instability grows in West Africa, the greater the risk that conflicts will merge and spread, further exacerbating conditions that make West Africa the most impoverished region in the world. The Big PictureIn light of this fighting and the gloomy specter of a growing regional war in West Africa, the United States Institute of Peace convened a group of experts on the conflicts in West Africa and formed a working group to bring together individuals from various national and international agencies and organizations to shed light on the nature of the conflicts in West Africa and recommend appropriate American responses. In this way, the group endeavored to inform itself and support the Bush administrations new Africa team that was confronted with complex and difficult polic y choices. This effort led to four gatherings of the West Africa Working Group (WAWG) between March and August. From the outset, the working group adopted a big picture analytical focus. That is, the group quickly agreed that the series of conflicts in the MRU stretching over the 1990s and into the 2000s should be looked at as a whole. Conceptually, the MRU conflict was therefore seen as a regional war with regional dimensions. Thus, what started in Liberia in 1989 is related to the war in Sierra Leone and to the fighting that broke out in Guinea in 2000. And while different dynamics are responsible for the instability radiating beyond the MRU into other parts of West Africa today, these conflicts further menace regional peace and complicate efforts to find a lasting peace across the West African region. The working group attracted a diverse array of U.S. and foreign specialists that varied depending on the topic of the particular session. The group included representatives from Capitol Hill, British and French governments, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown University, intelligence agencies, International Peace Academy, Interaction, Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), National Security Council, Pentagon, Physicians for Human Rights, State Department, United Nations, and United States Agency for International Development. The views expressed here represent a summation of issues examined by the WAWG, highlighting the most salient findings and policy recommendations. There were few points of disagreement during the many hours of discussions, both over what has led to the current crisis in West Africa and how the United States should move forward in the region. Perhaps the most significant and sustained point of contention within the WAWG was the degree of optimism/pessimism shared over the current process of demobilization, disarmament, and resettlement (DDR) in Sierra Leone. While some WAWG members were cautiously optimistic that the RUF is finished as a military force, others believed that the rebel group will dig up its guns and resist expulsion from the diamond fields. These group members also concluded that the UN mission lacks the will to confront the RUF if such a scenario plays out. Causes of the ConflictThe group quickly reached a consensus that there are many deleterious forces at play in the region, beyond Charles Taylor and the RUF, that have led to violent conflict in the MRU. .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 , .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 .postImageUrl , .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 , .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825:hover , .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825:visited , .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825:active { border:0!important; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825:active , .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Problem of Sustainability Essay Internal factors stemming from poverty, lack of economic opportunity, ethnic animosities, and a history of political abuse and corruption have fueled the brutal conflicts. External factors have also had a major impact on the duration and ferocity of the conflict, especially the interventions of Burkina Faso and Libya (states that have reportedly trained and armed Taylor and the RUF) and the activities of non-state actors, mostly profiteers such as diamond, timber, and arms traffickers. Working group participants also reached the early conclusion that while the poor socio-economic factors in the regions West Africa contains 11 of the worl ds 20 poorest states were exacerbating both the duration and intensity of the regional conflict, efforts to change the state of underdevelopment in West Africa will be fruitless until the security aspects of the problem are addressed (UNDP, Human Development Report, 2001). Accordingly, the group focused its analysis on containing and ending the fighting. U.S. Interests in West AfricaThe working group agreed that underlying the proliferation of the so-called soft threats (non-traditional security threats to the United States, like the spread of contagion, international criminal networks, and terrorism) is the growing phenomenon of state collapse. In Afghanistan, Colombia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Indonesia, and Somalia, the deleterious effects of the crumbling state are plain to see. In each of these cases, instability and violence have ultimately led to the weakening, and in some instances the failure, of central government and to direct costs for the United Stateseconomically, militarily, in terms of regional stability, and in humanitarian terms. While each of the above cases has elicited a strong policy response from past and current administrations, U.S. policy toward the war in West Africa is still taking shape. Yet state collapse in Liberia (1989) and Sierra Leone (1991) now threatens to spread to a number of West African states including the bordering nations of Guinea and c?te dIvoire. A review of what is at stake for the United States in West Africa illustrates the importance and urgency of developing a policy to stop the spread of the conflict in the region and to cut the legs out from under the wars two main vectors: Liberias Charles Taylor and Sierra Leones RUF. The cycle of state collapse now occurring in the three member states of the war-torn MRU places the entire West African region at risk. Indeed, this area is home to numerous military dictatorships and simmering ethnic rivalries. And as we have already witnessed in other parts of the world, as fighting and instability spread in West Africa, so too does the growth of terrorist networks and international criminal organizations; the destruction of the environment; the spread of disease, refugees, poverty, and ethnic strife; and the general unraveling of living conditions for the regions nearly 240 million people. Nowhere in West Africa is stability more important to the United States than in Nigeria, the continents most populous nation (estimated to be 126 million in 2001, according to the World Fact Book, www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ni. html) and our most important regional ally. Not only does the United States rely on Nigeria as a major source of oil (10 percent of U.S. imports in 2000), but Nigeria is also one of two (along with South Africa) focal points of American foreign policy in sub-Saharan Africa. The United States has strongly supported the democratic government of President Olusegun Obasanjo and has established a strong military cooperation program with Nigeria that has led to the training of five battalions of Nigerian soldiers. Moreover, the United States clearly has an interest in supporting the success of next years important local elections (scheduled for April) and state and federal elections in 2003. The partnership with Nigeria therefore presents an important test case for the United States: support for our friend will not only increase the chances for domestic and regional stability in West Africa, it will demonstrate to other friendly African states that the United States is engaged on the continent. Indeed, increased U. S. engagement in the region is also necessary to counter the deleterious effects of the activities of corrupt non-state actors, the potential growth of militant Islam, and Libyan expansionism in West Africa. The United States should also maintain a keen interest in the success of the United Nations Armed Mission to Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL). Since its near collapse in 2000, UNAMSIL has regrouped with the strong support of the British and today appears to be more coherent and effective. The success of this mission is essential to the strengthening of the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operationsa development that is clearly in the interest of the United States. Moreover, the United States has invested heavily in the mission. In fiscal year 2000, the United States contributed over $128 million to UNAMSIL, a figure that grew to nearly $190 million in fiscal year 2001. This accounts for a significant proportion of the U. S. humanitarian aid budget, funds that are desperately needed elsewhere. Finally, the intangible costs of American inaction in the region would be substantial. The marginalization of African crises from American foreign policy concerns perpetuates the perception within the international community that the United States does not care about the plight of Africans. This undercuts our status as the international leader for democracy, human rights, and peace and damages our national credibility abroad. Just as the marginalization of West Africa jeopardizes U.S. interests, targeted American engagement in the region could bear ample fruit. U.S. engagement in the region in cooperation with our French and British allies could provide an important test case and perhaps a model of Western cooperation that could be called upon elsewhere on the continent (notably in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, DRC) to address war and state collapse. The working group agreed that the key to future collaborative efforts in the region between the United States and its Western European allies will be to identify ways to harness Frances considerable regional influence and elicit policies from Paris that are more compatible with our own. In addition to working more closely with our Western allies on the formation of Africa policies, U.S. cooperation with the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) could also set an important precedent for future cooperative actions on the continent.U. .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff , .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff .postImageUrl , .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff , .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff:hover , .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff:visited , .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff:active { border:0!important; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff:active , .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The World of Culinary Arts EssayS. Policy toward the RegionAccording to administration sources, Americas policy toward Africa is based on three goals: increasing peace and stability, spreading democracy, and increasing economic prosperity on the continent. Within this approach there are several substantive policy priorities: addressing disease (HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria), opening markets (Africa Growth and Opportunity Act, AGOA, and perhaps the creation of AGOA II designed to increase the number of items covered by the free-trade agreement), political liberalization, and ending wars on the continent (especially in the DRC, Sierra Leone, and Sudan). The government intends to do this while at the same time supporting African states such as Senegal, Mali, Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, Mozambique, and Botswana, where socio-economic progress has been made. In West Africa this policy undergirds a number of U.S. programs. First, the United States has continued to support UNAMSIL financially and through military training of African peacekeepers. The U.S. government has also worked closely with the United Kingdom and supported Britains lead role in restoring peace in Sierra Leone. Finally, the United States continues its military and financial support to the Cont? government in Guinea. These efforts comprise part of a broader U.S. strategy in West Africa designed to support our regional allies and contain the spread of the war. The main target of this policy has been the Charles Taylor government in Liberia. The administration has thus attempted to break the link between the Taylor regime and the sale of conflict diamonds through the support of legislation in the United States and of UN sanctions on diamond exports and arms sales and a travel ban on Liberian government officials. In addition to its containment policy toward Taylor, the United States has also attempted to shore up regional allies like Presidents Kufour (Ghana), Konar? (Mali), Wade (Senegal), and Obasanjo (Nigeria). It is also clear that the United States has little choice but to work with President Gbagbo (c?te dIvoire), despite his contested rise to power, to preserve stability. Challenges to U. S. PolicyBeyond these policy thrusts, the working group identified several challenges to the administrations policy and important questions that have yet to be addressed. Short-Term Issues How can the United States best support the United Kingdoms lead role in Sierra Leone? What else should the United States do to bring about a more democratic regime in Liberia? How can the United States avert increased instability in Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, and c?te dIvoire while fostering socio-economic liberalization in these states? How should the United States collaborate with the French to foster economic development and good governance in West Africa? How will the administration prepare the political terrain in Washington to win support for these initiatives on the Hill? ong-Term Issues What are our long-term commitments to UNAMSIL and how will the United States define an exit strategy? How does the U.S. government envisage moving from DDR to economic growth in Sierra Leone and the rest of the West African region? ConclusionThe working group agreed that the international community, striving to end the horror of West Africas regional war, must begin by overseeing the successful resolution of conflict in Sierra Leone. Yet despite recent progress made in ending that war and the implementation of DDR, a number of unpleasant realities remain, making policy formation for the United States and the rest of the international community extremely difficult. UNAMSIL thus must be seen for what it is: a quick-fix, capacity-building effort that is not sustainable over the long run. The economies, political organs, and state institutions in Sierra Leone and Liberia are in a shambles and human capital is entirely depleted. The Kabbah government is a shell, and as one WAWG member put it, There is no there there in Sierra Leone. Still more troubling is the possibility of further violence and destabilization in the region: the RUF continues to menace the peace process; the Cont? and Gbagbo governments lack legitimacy at home and are threatened from within their own states; and tensions remain high between northern Muslims and southern Christians in c?te dIvoire after several years of divisive ethnic politics that have set the groups against one another. More broadly, profound socio-economic problems grip the entire West Africa region, making it fertile ground for future violent conflict. This reality points to several fundamental questions for the U. S. government: have the events of September 11 given rise to a renewed appreciation of the dangers of collapsed states? Or, will the current war on terrorism continue to draw attention and resources away from the crises in West Africa? And finally, can the United States work with its European (especially French) and African allies to help manage conflict and build economic prosperity in the region? Recommendations1.Provide strong support to British leadership in Sierra Leone. 2. Successfully marry the administrations West Africa program with the ambitious conflict prevention/development programs being articulated at the U.S. Agency for International Development. 3. Consider Sierra Leone a model for learning how the United States should approach complex humanitarian crises, state collapse, and regionalized conflict in Africa. 4.Increase U.S. domestic political will to engage in the region through public education and awareness building. 5.Find a middle ground for working with the French on the role Liberias Charles Taylor will play in the future of the region. 6. Develop a mid- and long-term regional plan for West Africa that accounts for big-picture economic and human development trends. 7.Implement the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act as soon as possible and draft and then implement AGOA II, thus extending the number of products covered by the legislation. 8. Buttress socio-economic development in Nigeria, the most populous and perhaps most important U.S. ally in sub-Saharan Africa. 9. Cut off financial resources to warlords who gain sustenance from non-state profiteers like diamond and timber buyers as well as from state actors intent on creating instability to further their own political and economic goals. 10.Continue military assistance to the key regional armies to professionalize them and build linkages with the United States. 11. Speed up debt forgiveness, especially for those countries that play by the rules and are in the process of socio-economic liberalization. 12.Increase aid to the region as an investment in stability, socio-economic development, and the creation of new markets for the United States and to help prevent state collapse. Words/ Pages : 3,186 / 24

Historical SAT Percentiles New SAT 2016, 2017, and 2018

Historical SAT Percentiles New SAT 2016, 2017, and 2018 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you took the new SAT in 2016, 2017, or 2018, you might be wondering what percentile your score is in. Is a 700 on Math in 2016 the same as a 700 in Math in 2018? How much do percentile scores change from year to year? In this article, I'll explain what new SAT percentile scores are and how they've changed over time. I'll also provide percentiles for SAT combined and section scores for 2016, 2017, and 2018. What Are SAT Percentile Scores? Your SAT percentile score tells you how well you did compared to other students who took the SAT. If you scored in the 97th percentile, then you scored higher than 97% of the people who took the test. If you scored in the 50th percentile, you did better than 50% of the people who took the test. Every year, the College Board determines that year's SAT percentile scores based on how college-bound high school seniors that year scored on the SAT. The higher the percentile your SAT score is in, the better you scored compared to other high school seniors. Special Note: Nationally Representative Sample Percentiles vs. SAT User Percentiles On your score report, you'll see information about two different kinds of percentiles: Nationally Representative Sample Percentiles and SAT User Percentiles. For this article, when we talk about percentiles we'll be exclusively referring to SAT User Percentiles, which are based on only actual SAT scores of students in the classes of 2016-2018 who took the new SAT. Read this article to find out more about the differences between the two percentile types on your SAT score report. Do Percentile Scores Change? In the past, SAT scores stayed pretty much at the same percentile, year over year. For instance, on the old SAT, a score of 1880 was in the 87th percentile for 20, 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015. That SAT percentile scores haven't changed much over time is intentional- the whole idea behind the SAT scoring system is that colleges can know that a student who got a 1880 SAT score in 2010 performed about the same as a student who got a 1880 SAT score in 2006 or 2015. If an 1880 was in the 80th percentile in 2010 and the 95th percentile in 2015, the scores would be meaningless for comparison purposes on their own. Because the SAT in its current format has only been administered for a few years, however, new SAT scores aren't quite as tied to specific percentiles. As an example, a 1280 new SAT score was in the 83rd percentile in 2016, 86th percentile in 2017, and 84th percentile in 2018. The biggest differences changes in percentiles on the new SAT happened for students who scored between 860 and 1200, with the same score differing by as many as six percentile points between 2016 and 2018 (for instance, a 950 was in the 25th percentile in 2016 and 31st percentile in 2018). As the new SAT is administered to more students over more years, these differences will no doubt shrink, making it easier to compare the same scores. For now, though, if you're scoring in the 860-1200 range, you can expect the percentile of your score to shift by up to six percentile points compared to past years. How Should You Use This Info and Why Does It Matter? Because the same SAT scores have had such varying percentiles in the last couple of years, your percentile score is the easiest way to figure out how well you did on the SAT. If you scored higher than 50 percent of test-takers, then you're above average; if you scored higher than 75 percent of test-takers, then you did very well indeed. When you apply to college, however, you're not being compared to all students who took the SAT, but to all students who took the SAT and are applying to that school. To help students figure out how they stack up against past successful applicants, colleges usually publicly post 25th and 75th percentile scores of admitted students. If you want to be a competitive candidate for a school, your target SAT score should be around or above a school's 75th percentile score. On a section level, percentiles can help you put your scores in context. It might seem like you're doing about equally well on Evidence-Based Reading and Writing and Math if you get a 690 on ERW and a 640 on Math. However, a 690 ERW score is in the 93rd percentile, while a 640 Math score is in the 83rd percentile. Raising each section score by 100 points would raise your Math percentile ranking by 13 points and your ERW percentile ranking by only 6+ points. If you're thinking about retaking the SAT and trying to figure out where you should focus your studying efforts, your percentile scores can help identify how you can improve the most. Finally, percentile scores also tell us that a small increase in your composite score can have a large impact on your percentile score, particularly if you're scoring around or even a little below the middle of the pack. For instance, in 2018 an SAT score of 1050 was at the 49th percentile, but a score of 1210 was at the 76th. Increasing your score by just 160 points can take your score from below average to the top quarter of all SAT scores. Composite Score Percentiles, 2018, 2017, and 2016 SAT Composite Score 2018 Percentile 2017 Percentile 2016 Percentile 1600 99+ 99+ 99+ 1590 99+ 99+ 99+ 1580 99+ 99+ 99+ 1570 99+ 99+ 99+ 1560 99+ 99+ 99+ 1550 99+ 99+ 99+ 1540 99 99+ 99 1530 99 99+ 99 1520 99 99 99 1510 99 99 99 1500 99 99 98 1490 98 99 98 1480 98 99 98 1470 98 98 98 1460 97 98 97 1450 97 98 97 1440 96 97 96 1430 96 97 96 1420 95 96 95 1410 95 96 95 1400 94 95 94 1390 94 95 94 1380 93 94 93 1370 92 94 92 1360 92 93 91 1350 91 92 91 1340 90 91 90 1330 89 90 89 1320 88 90 88 1310 88 89 87 1300 87 88 86 1290 86 87 85 1280 84 86 83 1270 83 85 82 1260 82 83 81 1250 81 82 80 1240 80 81 78 1230 79 80 77 1220 77 78 76 1210 76 77 74 1200 74 76 72 90 73 74 71 80 72 73 69 70 70 71 67 60 68 69 65 50 67 68 64 40 65 66 62 30 63 64 60 20 62 63 58 10 60 61 57 00 58 59 55 1090 56 57 52 1080 54 55 50 1070 52 53 48 1060 51 51 46 1050 49 49 44 1040 47 47 42 1030 45 45 40 1020 43 43 38 1010 41 41 36 1000 39 40 34 990 37 38 32 980 36 36 30 970 34 34 29 960 32 32 27 950 31 31 25 940 29 29 24 930 27 27 22 920 26 26 20 910 24 24 19 900 23 22 18 890 21 21 16 880 20 19 15 870 18 18 14 860 17 17 13 850 15 15 12 840 14 14 830 13 13 10 820 12 12 9 810 8 800 10 9 7 790 9 8 7 780 8 8 6 770 7 7 5 760 6 6 4 750 5 5 4 740 4 4 3 730 4 4 3 720 3 3 2 710 3 3 2 700 2 2 2 690 2 2 2 680 1 1 1 670 1 1 1 660 1 1 1 650 1 1 1 640 1 1 1- 630 1- 1- 1- 620 1- 1- 1- 610 1- 1- 1- 600 1- 1- 1- 590 1- 1- 1- 580 1- 1- 1- 570 1- 1- 1- 560 1- 1- 1- 550 1- 1- 1- 540 1- 1- 1- 530 1- 1- 1- 520 1- 1- 1- 510 1- 1- 1- 500 1- 1- 1- 490 1- 1- 1- 480 1- 1- 1- 470 1- 1- 1- 460 1- 1- 1- 450 1- 1- 1- 440 1- 1- 1- 430 1- 1- 1- 420 1- 1- 1- 410 1- 1- 1- 400 1- 1- 1- Sources: SAT Understanding Scores 2016, SAT Understanding Scores 2017, SAT Understanding Scores 2018 Section Score Percentiles Evidence-Based Reading and Writing Score 2018 Percentile 2017 Percentile 2016 Percentile 800 99+ 99+ 99+ 790 99+ 99+ 99+ 780 99+ 99+ 99+ 770 99+ 99+ 99 760 99 99 99 750 99 99 99 740 98 98 98 730 97 98 97 720 97 97 96 710 96 96 95 700 94 95 94 690 93 94 92 680 92 92 91 670 90 91 89 660 88 89 86 650 86 87 84 640 84 85 81 630 81 82 78 620 78 79 75 610 75 77 72 600 72 73 69 590 69 70 66 580 66 67 63 570 63 64 60 560 59 60 56 550 56 57 52 540 52 53 49 530 49 49 45 520 45 46 42 510 42 42 38 500 38 39 35 490 35 35 31 480 31 32 28 470 28 28 25 460 25 25 22 450 22 22 20 440 19 19 17 430 16 16 15 420 14 14 13 410 12 400 9 10 9 390 8 8 7 380 6 6 6 370 4 5 5 360 3 4 3 350 2 3 3 340 2 2 2 330 1 1 1 320 1 1 1 310 1 1 1 300 1- 1 1- 290 1- 1- 1- 280 1- 1- 1- 270 1- 1- 1- 260 1- 1- 1- 250 1- 1- 1- 240 1- 1- 1- 230 1- 1- 1- 220 1- 1- 1- 210 1- 1- 1- 200 1- 1- 1- Sources: SAT Understanding Scores 2016, SAT Understanding Scores 2017, SAT Understanding Scores 2018 Math Score 2018 Percentile 2017 Percentile 2016 Percentile 800 99+ 99+ 99+ 790 99 99 99 780 98 99 98 770 98 99 98 760 97 98 98 750 96 97 97 740 96 97 96 730 95 96 95 720 94 95 95 710 93 94 94 700 92 94 92 690 91 92 91 680 89 91 89 670 88 89 88 660 86 88 87 650 85 86 86 640 83 84 83 630 81 82 81 620 79 81 79 610 77 78 76 600 75 76 73 590 72 73 70 580 69 70 67 570 66 67 64 560 64 65 60 550 61 61 57 540 57 58 53 530 53 54 49 520 49 49 45 510 44 45 40 500 40 40 34 490 37 37 30 480 34 34 27 470 31 32 24 460 28 29 21 450 25 25 18 440 22 22 16 430 20 20 14 420 17 17 12 410 15 14 10 400 13 12 8 390 10 7 380 9 8 5 370 7 7 4 360 6 5 3 350 4 4 3 340 3 3 2 330 2 2 1 320 1 1 1 310 1 1 1 300 1 1 1 290 1 1- 1- 280 1- 1- 1- 270 1- 1- 1- 260 1- 1- 1- 250 1- 1- 1- 240 1- 1- 1- 230 1- 1- 1- 220 1- 1- 1- 210 1- 1- 1- 200 1- 1- 1- Sources: SAT Understanding Scores 2016, SAT Understanding Scores 2017, SAT Understanding Scores 2018 What's Next? How do you compare to other students in your state? Find out with our regularly updated list of average SAT scores by state. Where does your SAT essay score fit into all this? Learn more about SAT essay scoring and what the average SAT essay score is here. Would you be able to score in a higher percentile on the ACT? We help you figure out if the ACT or SAT is a better test for you with this foolproof method. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

National Lewis and Clark Corporation Case Study

National Lewis and Clark Corporation - Case Study Example In this respect, diversity within Nest is viewed as an opportunity, which enables the company's managers to fully adapt to its 86 foreign markets by integrating a diverse set of cultures, allowing them to become more responsive to its customers' needs. Thus, Nestl's philosophy focuses on developing a diverse workforce, which mirrors the needs of its equally diverse consumer. Furthermore, Nestle, together with other European companies, views diversity as "inseparably intertwined" with leadership development (Reichlin, 2004). Hence to effectively incorporate diversity, Nest focuses on more than just developing a diverse workforce, but on integrating diversity with leadership training and advancement and workforce retention and recruitment. 2. Two notable diversity initiatives implemented in Nest lies in its value-added leadership approach and emphasis on the company's leadership training program focused on honing its internal workforce for top management positions (Reichlin, 2004). First, through its value-added leadership, Nestle successfully develops a highly-motivated workforce, where minor employees are given the chance to excel and play larger roles within the organization. As Reichlin (2004) explains it, everyone, regardless of their position, is given responsibilities within the company insofar as they add value to the firm, hence fostering inclusiveness. Its leadership training program, on the other hand, fosters collaboration and cooperation across the management spectrum. One characteristic of this program is its focus on mentoring. By giving one-on-one attention and monitoring potential leaders' development and maturity, Nest succeeds in maintaining its employees' original cultures while integrating individu als into their corporate culture and honing them for advancement to top-management positions. Furthermore, company executives also gain better knowledge regarding its workforce, allowing them to make better decisions with regard to diversity.

Engineering drawings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Engineering drawings - Essay Example These manuscripts speak about the science of mechanics, laws of movement. The manuscripts give details about how Leonardo understood each small components individually that goes into the making of big machines. When he studied screws, he studied its varied forms and methods to fabricate them. In this list are the components such as hoists, rollers, pulleys, flywheel, winches and many more. It is his remarkable understanding of these components in those days that made it possible for him to create many functional machine designs. War Machines Leonardo developed many war machines when he was in the long service of Lodoviko Sforza, a duke at Milan. He displayed his abilities as a civil and mechanical engineer designing many useful devices. Some of the devices such as cannons, a giant wheel were developed by him as his military activities during the time. Leonardo developed a drawing of a bridge as a civil engineering project that spanned 240 meter. Though its real construction never mat erialized, it continued to inspire engineers that followed him. His note books spoke about war machines that included a tank that could be operated through crank shafts. The design and mechanics though were not fully developed – perhaps his intention was not to allow it to fall in the hands of wrong people. He developed cannons that would spew small pebbles on the enemy to prevent them inflicting a frontal attack. A Device Resembling Flywheel Leonardo designed an engine kind device that is currently known as flywheel and crank. It is important to note here that when James Watt developed a steam engine, he never made use of flywheel – a wheel that provides high angular momentum. It was much later that a design expert added flywheel to achieve steadiness in the shaft operation. A Device for Lifting Loads Lifting loads has been always a most cherished requirement of humans since time immemorial. No wonder than that Leonard worked on a system to lift heavy loads. What he d esigned in those days is known as the worm gear in current parlance. The device employed an endless screw that is turned by a crank to mesh with the teeth of a gear rotating and raising the load. His device provides more safety that usually a single tooth gear design lacks. Worm gear as prevalent in current times came into existence much later. That shows Leonardo’s genius in designing a device that has hundreds of application in the modern machines including analog clocks. Bicycle Design One of the vehicle designs that he has drawn is a two-wheeled vehicle with spokes. Two wheels are joined by a single rod gives an indication that his vehicle takes a shape of a bicycle for an easy movement by humans. Rear wheel is attached to a cogged-wheel through a chain and cogged-wheel has pedals as found in the modern bicycles in current times. Flying Design He studied motion and movements in depth. While building canals and locks he tried to understand the water flow and whirlpools. In the same way, he tried to understand the flying of birds – the operations and anatomy of the wing. That helped him to build flying designs. Many of the Leonardo's drawings present theoretical understandings or initial intuitions before an idea takes some concrete shape. One of the design looks like a helicopter provided with a huge spiral. It is not understood what idea he had in his mind to

Discussion M4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion M4 - Essay Example Alternatively, they liaise up with a re-known grocery store in the neighborhood and make direct orders should they require food supply. Most airline companies like designing containers that carry the foodstuffs with their own specifications. Therefore, this influence the warehouse requirements in that they have to locate it near or in the airport for easy packaging, branding, and reduce labor and transportation costs. Demand-facing warehouse requirements is a primarily dependant on customer preferences and tastes. The airline company will be tasked to construct a warehouse and store relevant food stuffs in accordance to demand so that it avoids running out stock. Alternatively, it can link up with suppliers to make sure there is a fresh delivery each time there is need. Through Just-In-Time approach, the company can avoid piling up inventory that can go to waste or lead to high storage costs. Foodstuffs meant for human consumption should be delivered fresh and of right quality. This is a standard requirement by the public health departments to avoid chances of food poisoning. In addition, since it is not the main business for airline companies, avoiding keeping food stock can be important in reducing storage costs and creating space for other important

Relationship Between Humans And Colour In Architectural Spaces

Relationship Between Humans And Colour In Architectural Spaces Colour can clarify and define space, form and structure, yet in many architectural practices is often considered only at the final stages of the design process. This tendency to subordinate colour reflects an attitude held by many design professionals since the Renaissance. The premise that colour is secondary to form, the disegno colore theory, was established by Aristotle in his Poetics during the Renaissance. Further reinforcing this belief, the architect Le Corbusier influenced the role of colour in architectural design still upheld by many today. He considered whiteness to convey order, purity, truth and architecture. His views were further supported by contemporaries such as Adolf Loos who considered white to be the colour of heaven, while Theo van Doesburg believed it the spiritual colour of the period (Minah 2008). White became the epitome of modern architecture. While Le Corbusier latterly modified his attitude toward the relationship of colour in architecture, the colour rules established in his work Purism, co-written with Amà ©dà ©Ãƒ © Ozenfant, were never as influential as his earlier beliefs (Batchelor 2000). The following paper examines the importance of colour within architectural space and its ability to influence mental well-being through its sensory and physiological properties. Experiencing Colour What is fundamental in understanding the use of colour and light in interior space? Why do some spaces bring joy, while other do not? Many would judge it simply a matter of taste, while others an expression of artistic skill, use of precise colour theory or scientific research. It is a complex combination of many factors, both human and scientific. Colour is perceived by the eye through different wavelengths of light carried to us by our surroundings and interpreted by the brain (Nassau 1998). Without light there would be no colour. Light reflects off surfaces, triggering an electromagnetic response in the eye, which in turn translates into colour within the brain (Miller 1997). Our perception of colour is dictated by its hue (actual colour), its intensity or depth of tone (saturation) and its brightness, creating shade and shadow (Miller 1997). An academic interest in the psychological meaning of colour has been prevalent for centuries. Philosophers from ancient Greece dating back to Aristotles time, artists post da Vinci, the early 19th century poet Goethe and subsequent latter day psychologists, anthropologists, biologists, etc, have theorised and investigated the complexity of human response to, and use of colour (Birren 1978; Sharpe 1980). Shown in Table 1. are the six categories believed by Graham, to be key to the human responses to colour within the built environment (Pierman 1978). The scope of the subject is so huge that for the purpose of this paper my main focus will be physiological, mood and associative response to colour and its implications on our experience of interior space. Biological Reactions of a Colour Stimulus There is a reoccurring theme in published literature on human response to colour, namely, the association of hues at the long or warm end of the visible spectrum (red, orange and pink) with arousal and excitation, and those at the short or cool end (green, blue violet) with calmness and relaxation (Goldstein 1942; Gerard 1958; Wilson 1966; Jacobs and Hustmyer 1974) which crosses multi-cultural boundaries (Oyama, Tanaka et al. 1962; Adams and Osgood 1973). Although not all results have shown identical outcomes in respect of systolic blood pressure, skin conductance, respiration, heart rate, eye-blink frequency and electrical brain activity, the emotional responses have been similar. Further studies have used word associations with colour, such as blue being associated with tender, soothing, secure and comfortable and orange with disturbing, distressed, upset (Wexner 1954). A more recent study attempted to replicate the findings of Gerrard, with a focus on the effect on cardiovascular function (Yglesias, Stewart et al. 1993). Whilst the effect on the heart could not be replicated the individuals mental expectations of the consequence of the colours was in accord with previous literature. Jacobs and Seuss similarly found the effects of 4 primary colours projected onto a large screen produced high anxiety levels for red and yellow, consistent with earlier studies (Jacobs and Hustmyer 1974) Schauss claimed that pink colours acted as a natural tranquilizer and had successfully subdued prison inmates (Schauss 1979), but this has not been substantiated in further studies (Pellegrini, Schauss et al. 1981). The earlier findings may have been more to do with the Hawthorne effect, particularly as such a result would contradict the prevalent red/blue spectrum theory. Whilst all of the above research with its consequent design implications was carried out using coloured light, slides, patches, or words, KÃ…Â ±ller et al experimented using full scale decorated rooms. Those decorated with colours from the long visible spectrum created greater arousal than those from the short spectrum. Additionally, introverts or those in a negative mood became more affected than others, impacting their performance (KÃ…Â ±ller, Mikellides et al. 2009). Similarly, Kwallek found that an individuals ability to screen colours for irrelevant stimuli had an impact on the effect of colour. High screeners were more productive in a red working environment, while low screeners performed better in a blue-green office (Kwallek, Soon et al. 2006) (Kwallek, Soon et al. 2007) (Kwallek, Woodson et al. 1997). In addition, Kwallek et al found saturation of colour was a significant predictor of differences in mood between males and females. Ainsworth contrarily found no difference in performance between red and blue offices (Ainsworth, Simpson et al. 1993). However, In a study of almost 1000 workspaces in four countries, interior colour was recognised as an important influencing element of mood and performance (KÃ…Â ±ller, Ballal et al. 2006). A key article by Kaiser reviews the varied literature on non-visual physiological responses by humans to colour, (Kaiser 1984a), concluding that there are reliable physiological responses to colour recorded, but that some of the results may have been effected by cognitive response to colour (Kaiser 1984a). The preceding review shows that, despite considerable interest and research, studies have yet to provide a thorough and empirically proven set of rules for the relationship between colour and emotions (Valdez and Mehrabian 1994). Cognitive Response to Colour The way we respond to colour can also be a result of conscious symbolism or associated actions. Yglesias et al showed that we have expectations in respect of our response to certain colours (Yglesias, Stewart et al. 1993), regardless of involuntary physiological responses. These may be learned through culture or tradition, memory, preferences or fashion. Colour associated with actions can be seen in the red, amber and green of traffic lights conveying stop, yield and go, respectively. When these colours are used in isolation from their connection with traffic, they can still influence their association (Hutchings 2004). Red is commonly used to signify danger, or to command attention and is the most pervasive colour signal in nature (Humphrey 1976). It can, however, have a somewhat ambiguous meaning as it is the colour of edible berries, signifies love, lust, anger and blood; a combination of both positive and negative symbolism. Culture and tradition can connect specific emotions with certain colours. Typically, white is worn by Western brides for its connection with purity, whereas in India the preferred colour is red (Hutchings 2004) and in other countries black, which is in stark contrast to its commonly accepted association with mourning (Kaya and Crosby 2006). White continues its connection with purity through its use in kitchens and bathrooms, translating into cleanliness and hygiene. It can also be seen in its association with hospitals and specifically the doctors coat, further reinforcing its sterile status (Blumhagen 1979). In China white is associated with righteousness. Black is associated with dullness and stupidity in Indian culture, while red implies ambition and desire (Kreitler and Kreitler 1972). Colours can also be steeped with religious meaning through association. For instance, green is the sacred colour of Islam (Kaya and Crosby 2006), and was also considered sacred by the Celts up until the Christian church introduced white (Singh 2006). In addition to white, purple is the symbolic colour used in Christian churches throughout Lent for drapes and altar frontals, while orange is considered the most sacred colour in Hindu religion. Red and white is a combination used for ritual decorations in Melanesia and for representing the Sacred Heart of the Catholic Church in Mexico (Singh 2006). Colours with religious connotations and subsequent emotional connection can have a profound effect on an interior if inappropriately used and could cause offence, or negative feelings. Colour associations also appear to rely on an individuals previous knowledge and experience, combined with personal emotional connections. Kaya and Crosby found colour schemes were remembered in alliance with known interiors, such as restaurants, schools or their homes and, subsequently deemed appropriate colours for specific building types or rooms. For example, some related the colour blue with feelings of relaxation, calmness, comfort and peace, with an associated link to hotels and residences (Kaya and Crosby 2006). Red, a colour frequently aligned with stimulation and arousal, was often coupled with places of entertainment, such as restaurants (Kaya and Crosby 2006). Conclusion A complex collection of factors combine to dictate an individuals perception of colour within the built environment. Despite decades of research into our physiological response to colour and its implications, scientific results have been contradictory and sometimes inconclusive, albeit with a general consensus on reaction to colours within the short and long visible spectrum. For example, as highlighted earlier, red wavelengths can influence biological rhythms, with green wavelengths being weaker. These results are a direct physiological response. A human does not have to have any knowledge of the colour red for a biological response. However the result may be compounded by an indirect physiological response to the colour based on cognition. For instance, an individual may have a strong mental association of red with blood, violence, fire or hatred. We all have our own personal knowledge of colour, based around culture, tradition and memory, which serve to guide our choice and experi ence of colour and light. In addition, response to colour can also be influenced by our immediate environment, such as whether we are alone or in a group, or how we are feeling at the time and its effect on our ability to screen colours. A person in a depressed mental state may not respond in the same way as someone in a more positive mood. Colour is a powerful force which can be used in different way to motivate and stimulate, to control our actions, to create an environment of joy or misery. In making colour choices for interior space, it is crucial to understand the nature and culture of the users, in conjunction with scientific research. It is important to discern whether the chosen colour has a direct physiological impact on a particular biological function, or if the colour effect depends on cognitive learning or emotional associations. Selection should also consider the implications of hue and saturation of colour, which play a strong part in eliciting positive feelings and a sense of well-being when appropriately chosen. Interiors should not be devised purely for reasons of fashion or aesthetics, if the aim is to elicit a positive emotional response from the user; a more considered approach should be undertaken. 1876

History of the Trumpet Essay

Trumpets are one of the oldest instruments. In ancient times, people used animal horns or shells like a trumpet. It was first used for signaling in ancient China (2000 BC), Egypt (1500 BC), and Scandinavia (1000 BC). It was long and had no valves. In Roman times, the trumpet was played at military and civilian ceremonies. The first musical use of the trumpet was in the late 1300’s where it had acquired the folded shape similar to today’s. In the 1500’s, Nuremberg, Germany became the center of trumpet making. During that time, the first music for trumpets was written. In the late 1700’s, the trumpet became a regular member of the orchestra. Short pieces of tubing called ‘crooks’ were invented and used to lengthen or shorten the trumpet so it could play more notes. In the 17th to 18th century, trumpets were mostly in the key of D of C for courtly purposes and E flat or F in the military. The valve trumpet was invented in 1815, making crooks unnecessary. Today, trumpets are usually played in orchestras, jazz bands, brass ensembles, popular music and bands. Different sized trumpets have different pitches and are used in different musical groups. Most trumpets in bands are in the key of B flat major. Historically, trumpets were used for many different things but music was not thought of until the late 1300’s. Louis Armstrong , born in 1901 and died in 1971, was a trumpet player. He was one of the most famous and influential trumpet player in Jazz history. Many people thought he was the greatest jazz cornet and trumpet player in the world. He was born in New Orleans and he learned to play the trumpet while serving a sentence for delinquency in the Home for Coloured Waifs. Dizzy Gillespie, born in 1917 and died in 1993, was also a trumpet player. He was an American trumpet player, composer, and band leader. Dizzy Gillespie’s real name is John Birks Gillespie. He was born in Cheraw, South Carolina. Dizzy co founded the bebop jazz movement with Charlie Parker and Thelonious Monk. I have chosen a recording to listen to, from a CD called Trumpets in Modern Jazz. It is called ‘Kush’ and the performer is Dizzy Gillespie. I chose this recording because I knew Dizzy Gillespie was famous and I wanted to hear how he played the trumpet and to see if he really is as good as everyone says. Trumpets may be loud and annoying sometimes but they have survived through the years so treat trumpets with respect and it might let out the best music in the world.

Dead stars Essay

The short story, â€Å"Dead Stars† was written during the American Colonization of the Philippines, a time when the modern short story, critical essay, and free verse poetry were introduced. English was the medium of learning, and became, as well, the language of the learned. This was also the time when utilitarian literature was slowly being overshadowed by the individualistic, modern view of creating â€Å"art for art’s sake†. Dead Stars by Paz Marquez Benitez (1894-1983), which came out in the Philippines Herald in 1925. This work, the first of only two short stories published by Benitez, is considered the first modern Philippine short story. It is a story of the frustrations, confusions, and heartbreak that arise from unrequited love. INTERPRETATION Dead Stars is a story about the fickleness of Alfredo Salazar, a man in his thirties who is about to be married to a woman named Esperanza after four years of their being engaged. It begins with Alfredo staring out from the open window, who is being talked about by his father and sister regarding his marriage and his love life. We are told that he was so in love, that â€Å"at the beginning he was enthusiastic–flowers, serenades, notes, and things like that–† towards Esperanza. But his sister has observed that something has happened to him, that he was no longer aggressive and perhaps, youthful. Their father then explains that it is normal, that long-engaged people are â€Å"warm now, cool tomorrow†, that Alfredo was having his â€Å"last spurt of hot blood†. Alfredo â€Å"fell in love† with another woman in just a few weeks of his â€Å"neighboring† to the Martinez Residence, where Julia Salas stayed for her visit. Julia too, seemed to have fallen for Alfredo, but both knew that what they had was against, perhaps, morality, and was subject to the scrutiny and judgement of the society. Alfredo, being an engaged man, should not involve himself with others. But he chose to live a lie, he believed he found â€Å"youth† and â€Å"heart’s desire† up in the hills with Julia. He always reasoned that † If a man were married, why, of course, he loved his wife; if he were engaged, he could not possibly love another woman.† But then he immersed himself in an illusion, in a dream that he can possibly be with Julia despite hurting Esperanza, and of course, breaking a lot of society’s rules. In the end, in his final encounter with Julia where the girl did not seem to respond to his last show of love, there he was redeemed from that delusion, that all along he was holding on to nothing; that all along he was looking at dead stars. REFERENCES: http://melonagrace.weebly.com/dead-stars-by-paz-marquez- benitez.htmlhttp://josecarilloforum.com/forum/index.php?topic=19.0

The first day

The first day Free Online Research Papers There I am lying in my bed, my body in tangled in the blankets. As I turn my head I slowly open my eyes to see what time it is on the clock. The number reads 6:45a.m. I think to myself â€Å"O no I am going to be so late!† I roll out of bed thinking that I had laid my clothes out the night before, as I look around that thought slowly leaves my head. I hear people downstairs, so I yell out â€Å"Mom have you seen where I put my clothes, I am running late!† My mom replies,† No honey, but come get some breakfast when you get done.† In the meantime, here I am it now even later in time than before and I still can’t find my clothes. O wait, what is this underneath this big pile of clothes? Ah ha, finally I have found my clothes, not just any clothes, and the perfect outfit for the first day of my freshman year. Being the first day of school meant a few things for me; one thing was that I was starting a brand new school with new people, today was the day for tryouts for the volleyball team. I was very excited. As I finally am dressed I run downstairs to see what my mother has made for breakfast. It smelled so good. As I approach the table I see eggs, bacon, toast, and pancakes, all my favorite. I look at the clock it now reads 7:40a.m. and, well see my school start at 8:00a.m. As a freshman I definitely did not want to be late for the first day of class, how would that look? I holler out to my mom;† Breakfast looks great mom, but I have no time to eat, I have to go or I will be late!† My mother replies;†Ok dear have a good day at school, good luck with tryouts and make sure you eat something healthy for lunch.† There I am headed out the door. Wait something is not right, I stand there in the drive for a minute. Ugh, I had forgotten my shoes and my backpack. So I rush upstairs, to the mess I call a room and am frantically looking for these things. I have no luck so I run back downstairs, where my mom is waiting with my shoes and my bag, she laughs a little. â€Å"H oney slow down, you will have plenty of time to get there,† she says. I replied, â€Å"I know mom but it’s the first day and I don’t want to be late, got to go.† Okay I am ready now. Meanwhile, I make my way to school, with class list in hand. As I peer around the corner to see where all my classes are the bell is beginning to ring. â€Å"That’s not good.† I say to myself as I am trying to rush to class without running. There it is room 101, Government. I take my seat at the back thinking that it is going to be good, because we can sit anywhere, and that meant I did not have to sit my any boys. As the class gets started out teacher does his introduction and lets us know what to expect. Class is almost over and I am still enjoying where I am sitting. That is about to change, our teacher says another thing class is that we will have assigned seat so everyone needs to get up. â€Å"O great† I say to myself. As the teacher finally reaches my name I still have some hope that I am going to be placed by no boys. My luck just ran out, not only did I get to sit by a boy but three boys. I had a boy to the right, the left and behind me. I think to mysel f if this is the worst of today then I will be ok. Farther on I have gone through half the day with the other classes just flying by and I have been lucky enough that in my other classes I did not have to sit by any boys that I got to sit with my friends. As much of a busy nerve racking day it has been it is finally lunch time. The cafeteria food is not the best, but if you are starving it’s something right. Today has been a great day, minus the boy thing. I have the perfect outfit on, I wasn’t late and only another 3 hours until volleyball tryouts. Here I am walking out of the lunch line, looking around to find a table, I see some people messing around as they walk up to put their trays up. I step back so that I am not in the way, so much for that. One of the people bumped into me and I spill my drink all down the front of my shirt, in spite of everything I was trying to do to avoid something like this. My friends look to me and ask â€Å"Are you ok, do you have another shirt?† I reply to them,† Ugh yes I am ok, and no I don’t have another shirt!† I try to not get so mad there is only 3 hours left until tryouts and that is what’s going to make my day. Well after lunch I go to my next classes, with a much stained shirt and everyone asking, â€Å"What happened?† I would just say â€Å"I don’t want to talk about it. Furthermore it is the last bell of the day ringing; the clock struck 3:10p.m. School is out, and although I have a stained shirt and had to sit by boys it was still a good day. On the other hand what else could go wrong right? I head to the gym where all the other girls are that are also trying out today. Coach Campbell comes in and tells us,† Girls start your stretches and when you are done you need to run laps.† I look over to the other girls, who are about as interested in the stretches and laps as I am. Here we are down on the floor stretching our bodies until we can’t stretch no more. I think well the hard part is over. Not anywhere near to what I was thinking. Captain of the team says, â€Å"Come on girls we need to get these laps down so we can get to practicing and the tryouts.† I am hesitant but I do it. After a while of running laps we get a little water break and are divided into groups of four. We are divided so that there is someone to set the ball, spike the ball, to practice hits and to practice serves. I am so excited and nervous my hands are all sweaty. It was my groups turn. We did very well with the serves and the hitting. I however am not very good with the setting or the spiking. My coach takes me aside to do individual setting, where you practice setting on the wall. It sounds a little weird right, however it is effective. They also say when you set with your hands to find your window and that you are doing a set properly. I tried and I tried thinking that I did a pretty okay job. Now it was on to spiking. This was not my strong point; I am a little short and never really get much height with the ball. This individual practice does not turn out as well as I had hoped. Presently we all are done with the tryouts, with the group practice and the individual practice. Coach C ampbell comes in the room and tells us,† You all have worked very hard today I appreciate you coming out, Now I am going to call you back one by one and let you know if you made it or not.† Meanwhile I sit here on the cool gym floor waiting patiently, as I watch girl after girl go in that office and come out with a satisfaction of knowing that they have made the team or to see the tears stream down there face as if there world had been crushed. It is almost my turn; I can hardly wait, because I know I just did such a great job. The coach calls me in; I am so nervous, and very quiet. She says to me,† I appreciate you coming today and you did a good job, however you didn’t make the team this year. If you would like you could be the team manager.† My response to this was,† I didn’t make it; I thought I did a really good job, and what does the team manager do?† The coach replies,† Well the team manager carries around the water bottles, fills them, and carries the balls around, would this be something you’re interested in?† I sat there still with a very shocked look on my face. I thought about what she had just said, I wanted to be with the team very badly, yet not as a ball carrier Even though I did not make the team, I did not want to be lowered to someone who get made fun of and everyone knows a ball carrier is someone who had gotten rejected. I did not want what seemed liked the whole world to know that I had been rejected, it’s embarrassing. For all that, I declined her offer, walked with my head bowed out of the gym, through the halls, and to outside. I found a bench there and sat to reflect on what had just happened. I thought to myself, today was suppose to be the best day every, it was the first day for everything. I have never been told that I had not made the team; I don’t understand why I didn’t. Therefore that day was the last day that I had ever tried out for sports, I still have the passion for volleyball and I play with friends when I get a chance, but for high school my sports days were over. I couldn’t handle being rejected, and just being told that I was as good as a ball carrier it seemed. Thereafter that point of rejection I decided to find a different thing, class that I was good in and enjoyed as well. I had found that our school had offered Concert Choir. It was a performance choir and that meant a lot of dedication and work. I was ready for this I believed, I had pulled myself together to not be rejected once more. I walked into my music class for the vocal tryouts, where my teacher had said to the class,† You’re going to need to sight read for your audition.† That is something I had not learned yet, coming from a small school. I had confronted the music teacher Mrs. McWhirter, I was trembling with fear that I would be rejected once agai n. I said to her,† I was never taught how to sight read.† To my surprise she responded, â€Å"That’s okay, just follow my voice.† That was the best thing I remember hearing. She had said it was okay, not that I was not good enough, and she had not rejected me. That was the greatest felling to me that day. I ended up staying in Concert Choir the rest of my high school career. With that one teacher giving me that chance I do not fear rejection as much, I still however work as twice as hard to succeed no matter how small the task. Research Papers on The first dayThe Spring and AutumnThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyHip-Hop is ArtTrailblazing by Eric AndersonStandardized TestingThe Hockey GameHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XThe Fifth Horseman

Analysis of Indosat M3 Retention Program in Affecting Customer Loyalty Essay Example

Analysis of Indosat M3 Retention Program in Affecting Customer Loyalty Essay Example Analysis of Indosat M3 Retention Program in Affecting Customer Loyalty Essay Analysis of Indosat M3 Retention Program in Affecting Customer Loyalty Essay Business Research Method Analysis of Indosat M3 Retention Program in Affecting Customer Loyalty Forewords Cellular business today is becoming an industry that people cannot ignore, it is grows fast and so many go into this business. Fast growth and dynamic market in cellular business makes this business challenging when one player in cellular business wants to keep their customers’ loyalty. They must use their creativities to create the effective programs to maintain their customers’ loyalty. For those reasons, the researchers want to reveal about the effective way or programs to maintain their customers’ loyalty especially for young Indosat M3 users. In this market happen dynamic changes of customers because they search for the cheapest price from cellular provider. In order to measure the effectiveness of the current programs, we execute a research through primary data by spread questionnaire and hold interviews and secondary data by surfing at Indosat M3 website. We will use casual method for this research because the problem is clearly defined. Chapter 1: Introduction 1. 1Background Playing in the mobile industry today is very exciting because of its very high growth potential. If counted, the 220 million population of Indonesia today there are about 28 million new mobile numbers in circulation, or about 13 percent, the market is still wide open. Of that amount, Telkomsel had close to 15 million, 9. 3 million, Indosat, and Excelcomindo approximately 4. 5 million. At the end of this year, the number likely will penetrate 30 million, seeing current market share of incoming operators. Growth of subscribers each arrier is very high, above 60 percent, due to programs that provide ease and grace to prospective customers. Moreover, the expansion of service coverage or coverage by all operators create isolated regions into the open. This opens new opportunities and increase customer traffic or SMS conversations. Program Sinyal Kuat from Indosat involved to stimulate people to enjoy its services, because the possibility of a drop ca lls more and more numerous now. Various programs ease the customer makes total audience of mobile operator services also grew, not only in GSM, but also in CDMA. Kartu AS from Telkomsel is the prima donna as the number of customers rose rapidly, approaching half a million new subscribers every month. Excelcomindo Pratama, which since the early known to be very careful to win the market thus its growth is not too fast, now launch Kartu Jempol and Kartu Bebas. Meanwhile, Indosat launched Voucher SMS IM3, absorbing many new subscribers each day on average to 40,000 new customers. Indosat is growing rapidly this year that could have the number of subscribers will keep rising. The growth of Indonesian cellular has reach the highest point in the world, up 74. percent in 2003, said the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) and GS Research However, compared to countries with relatively equal financial ability of its citizens, Indonesia cellular penetration is still comparatively low. Indonesia, with income per capita (938 U. S. dollars a year) up close to China (955 dollars) and Philippines (976 dollars), it turns out our penetration is lower. In fact, cellular growth in China is only 60. 1 percent and the Philippines 64. 4 percent, while Singapore only grew 18. 2 percent and Malaysia 33. 8 percent. Data from ITU, JP Morgan, and GS Research Report issued recently mentioned, our cellular penetration by the end of 2003 only 9 percent. This means that customers only 9 percent of the total population 220 million, while Chinas 20 percent (population 1. 3 billion people), and the Philippines 2 percent. Do not compare with Singapore, which was 79. 8 percent, 42. 6 percent of Malaysia, or Thailand’s 26 percent, 104. 6 percent, and even Hong Kong. India had more bad from Indonesia, for cell penetration is only 2. 6 percent, but with rapid growth, together with Indonesia. If the calculated end of 2003 cellular subscribers in Indonesia only 18. 3 million and the end of this year may just pass the 30 million, then its growth has been more than 63 percent. Do you really mobile in Indonesia grow by 60 percent or more? If calculated from the number of cards sold, the number of subscribers should now have to break the 30 million. The figures fail to penetrate because of the churn; people just stopped subscribing a number of very much. Indosat M3 is one of mobile phone provider that experiences increasing levels of churn rate. During the last three years, IM3 is facing a constant increase on its churn rate; this case is walking in line with the declining levels of consumer loyalty. Due to more tight competition, PT Indosat need to review their marketing strategies through the promotion mix which would impact on the formation and increase customer loyalty. That matter, which encourage this research, namely on the impact of promotions on consumer loyalty IM3 prepaid cards. Dedi Suherman, General Manager of Technology Planning in Telkomsel said that the number of mobile consumers in Indonesia is most likely having more than one card. But at least, if the calculated number of people were still above 100 millions, he added. Churn occurs primarily because the initial price of the current GSM prepaid cards is very low, almost equal in value to the balance they contain. Because its cheap, people treat as the prime card calling cards (calling cards), low pulse exhaust, buy a new card again. If not for a particular purpose, people throw its inaugural card because the card is the second card number did not have time to rub off on their owners. Moreover, intense competition makes the mobile providers generate strategies to win the market by intensify their promotion. Various promotional strategies undertaken by various operators is making such bad consumer behavior, consumers often replace his prepaid card thus affecting the decrease in prepaid card loyalty. Hasnul Suhaimi (47), President Director of PT Indosat Mobile Commerce view, the trend will churn remains high, if mobile operators market by offering cheaper packages. The more sales made, large volume, a higher churn rate. We seemed to chase shadows, because the sales work is ongoing, but no additional amounts of customers, said the man born in Bukittinggi is 23 April 57. According to Hasnul, the growth of cellular subscribers in Indonesia healthier if growing around 9 million this year, 10 million in next year, 11 million in next year, so hopefully in the year 2006 will be 50 million subscribers. If growing more than that number, which happened just chasing, he said. Moreover, intense competition makes the mobile phone providers generate strategies to win the market by intensify their promotion. Various promotional strategies undertaken by various operators is making such bad consumer behavior, consumers often replace his prepaid card thus affecting the decrease in prepaid card loyalty. Dedi Suherman, General Manager of Technology Planning in Telkomsel said that the number of mobile consumers in Indonesia are most likely have more than one card. But at least, if the calculated number of people were still above 100 millions, he added. Mobile provider is experiencing increasing levels of churn rate is issued by Indosat IM3. During the last three years IM3 is facing a constant increase in its churn rate, this case is walking in line with the declining levels of consumer loyalty. Due to the intense competition, PT Indosat need to review their marketing strategies through the promotion mix which would impact on the formation and increase customer loyalty. That matter, which encourage this research, namely on the impact of promotions on consumer loyalty IM3 prepaid cards. According to Kompas newspaper, high growth customers due to the emergence of cheap offerings from all operators. If this policy continues, will eventually be able to drop the mobile industry itself. If during the course of this card so valued around Rp 25,000 plus credits are sold at a price they contain, are now valued card hardly anymore, except the credits. But what could be promoted to operators is not entirely true; for example, called the initial price of Rp 50,000, including 50,000 credits, pulse fact, filled only worth Rp 35,000. Who are the customers who can test it? Hasnul Suhaimi said, the operator cannot entry the market for granted, because there are some things to consider. Production tools that are available should be enough, for example, HLR (home location register), MSC (mobile switching center), customer activation, IN (intelligent network) and whether the market can absorb them. Could have filled the market with sales of 50,000 cards a day early, but the number itself also will be out. He is one of the few who really understood the problem of mobile marketing. Previously he had been a commercial director at PT Telkomsel, PT Indosat still have when the shares are then sold to PT Telkom. He served as Commercial Director of Telkomsel precisely when Indonesia was hit by a recession, when investors away from this country. However, with the introduction of prepaid cards Simpati Telkomsel customers precisely when it grew rapidly, the debts could be repaid faster. And, now reaching 52 percent of Telkomsels cellular market share, while about 32 percent of Indosat. He also implemented his tricks in Indosat which affects a rapid growth. The number of subscribers increased from 5. 96 million at the end of 2003 to around 9. million in the last week of October. Of the 3. 5 million new customers until the third quarter of this year, about 60 percent to 70 percent is completely new customers, existing customers that make the remaining two cards. Although, he said, the data suggest that the number of sales the previous four months together with the number of customers who churn the current month. This phenomenon applies to all operators, although recognized several parties, the pr ogram always managed to create customer loyalty card. However, with the executable programs, plus the fact that in the last three months of this year customers will retain the card, the number of customers who churn will decline. This is because the holiday occurs during the prime card sales spike, while that period lasted until December of this year. Hasnul have the program create loyal customers by giving a bonus in the form of credits. If a customer purchases a prime costing Rp 25 000 with a value of Rp 25 000 pulses are also, on day 33 when he bought a voucher valued at Rp 25 000 will get bonus credits worth Rp 10 000. According to observers, in the first month that has occurred generally churn as much as 10 percent, continuing the same amount to six months ahead. Thats why Hasnul to bid, charging voucher worth it on days the owner will get 66 bonus credits worth Rp 15,000. Hopefully when its three months the number has been steadily used, Indosat card will be used permanently, he said. Churn can actually be prevented if all operators agree not to sell their SIM Card for less than Rp 25,000, with the hope of recharging their credits will be more cheaper than buying prime cards. Today everybody knows that in balance of establishment–customer relation, customers had gained big advantage. In order to continue long-term relationships with customers understanding them, meeting their expectations, being different from rivals are important. This situation is especially vital in similar goods and services offering establishments. For gaining advantage and being unique, offering suitable goods and services, meeting even over meeting expectations and desires of customers are needed. Customer loyalty topic had changed the ways of looking of establishments to customers. Now, establishments are trying to satisfy, make loyal their customers. Loyal customers mean financial and spiritually inputs to establishments. It is generally known that especially on tourism sector there are few researches on customer loyalty. In this context, author believes that this research will have a positive input to the related literature. 1. 2Problem Identification The problem could be identified by analyzing the symptoms that come from broad analysis in the market which are; aMany teenagers tend to change their Sim Card several times Many new mobile providers come with their cheap products cIM3 has too many retention programs The problem could be identified by analyzing the symptoms that come from broad analysis in the market. Based on global review, the most commonly known drivers of customer churn are the following: 1. Equipment envy Customers want the very latest handset with the most advanced features, the most attractive case and the most entertaining services. 2. Pr icing plans Annual tariff pricing contracts predominate in immature markets. When pre-paid options come on the scene, customers migrate to the more flexible plans; particularly those willing to pay a premium for privacy and freedom, those with credit problems, or those too young to sign contracts. 3. Customer service and billing With ties to mobile providers already tenuous, the slightest hassle over billing or service levels sends customers running into the arms of the competition. 4. Network performance More pertinent to newer market participants with developing infrastructures, customers will walk away from a contract when they discover major gaps in so-called blanket coverage. Although not yet introduced in all geographies, number portability, the ability to migrate your phone number across carriers, further increases customer churn rates. Recent number portability studies reveal that churn could be increased by a factor of 1. 6. Since phone numbers are often carrier specific, switching carriers entails changing numbers and business customers are slower to incur the added costs associated with reprinting materials and informing clients. 1. 3Research Limitation This research narrowly targeted to the market of the Indosat M3 customers that the writers observed to the young women and men in age of 17 to 23 years old who study in Institut Teknologi Bandung. In getting the right people to fill the questionnaires, we first held observation through students in Institut Teknologi Bandung to know the amount of Indosat M3 customers. 1. 4Research Questions This research is coped with highlighted explanation which are mostly talk about the area in; 1. How big is people awareness to retention programs? 2. What is the most important aspect in a provider to make people loyal? . What kind of programs that the customers like the most? (direct or indirect) 4. What kind of Indosat M3’s feature those customers prefer to use? 1. 5Research Objectives The objective of this project was to learn about the relationship between Indosat M3 current retention program in affecting its customer loyalty. We explored how effective Indosat M3 overcame price war to fi ght against increasing churn rate through retention programs. In the end, we are going to conclude which programs best suits Indosat M3 target market (teenagers age 17-23 years old). Chapter 2: Literature Review 2. 1Company Profile PT Indosat Tbk was established by the Government on November 10, 1967 as a foreign investment company to provide international telecommunications services in Indonesia and began commercial operations in September 1969 to build, transfer and operate an International Telecommunications Satellite Organization, or Intelsat, earth station in Indonesia to access Intelsat’s Indian Ocean Region satellites for a period of 20 years. As a global consortium of international satellite communications organizations, Intelsat wns and operates a number of telecommunications satellites. Following regulatory changes in the Indonesian telecommunications industry in 1999 and 2000, Indosat began implementing a strategy designed to transform from being Indonesia’s primary international telecommunications provider into a leading, fully integrated telecommunications network and service provider in Indonesia. In 2000, the Government’s intro duction of the Telecommunications Law, which encourages industry liberalization, directly impacted our business. In 2001, as part of the Government’s initiative to restructure the telecommunications industry, we entered into an agreement with Telkom to eliminate our respective crossshareholdings in several operating subsidiaries, including: our acquisition of Telkom’s 22. 5% ownership interest in Satelindo; Telkom’s acquisition of our 35. 0% ownership interest in Telkomsel; and our acquisition of Telkom’s 37. 2% ownership interest in Lintasarta and the purchase of Lintasarta’s convertible bonds held by Telkom. Subsequent to the agreement with Telkom, we acquired an effective 45. % ownership interest in Satelindo, through our acquisition of PT Bimagraha Telekomindo, or Bimagraha, in 2001 and acquired the remaining 25. 0% ownership interest in Satelindo from DeTe Asia in June 2002. To strengthen Satelindo’s capital structure and remove certain restrictive covenants arising from Satelindo’s indebtedness, we made an additional capital contribution to Satelindo totaling US$75. 0 million in July 2002. In August 2002, we entered the domestic telecommunications sector by obtaining a license to provide local fixed network services in the Jakarta and Surabaya areas. We deployed approximately 13,000 lines in those areas to provide local fixed telephone services and announced our strategic objective to become a leading fully integrated telecommunications network and service provider in Indonesia. In 2002, the Government divested 517. 5 million shares, representing approximately 50. 0% of our outstanding Series B shares at the time, in two stages. In May 2002, the Government sold 8. 1% of our outstanding shares through an accelerated global tender. In December 2002, the Government divested 41. 9% of our outstanding Series B shares to a former subsidiary of STT. As of March 31, 2009, the Government owned 14. 29% of our outstanding shares, including the one Series A share, and ICLM and ICLS owned approximately 65. 0% of our outstanding Series B shares. ICLM and ICLS are owned by Qtel. The remaining 20. 71% of our outstanding Series B shares is owned by public shareholders as of March 31, 2009. See â€Å"Item 6: Directors, Senior Management and Employees- Share Ownership. † On November 20, 2003, we merged with Satelindo, Bimagraha and IM3 and all assets and liabilities of such legacy subsidiaries were transferred to us on such date. Since entering the Indonesian cellular market through our acquisition of Satelindo and establishment of IM3 and the subsequent integration of such companies in 2003, cellular services have become the largest contributor to our operating revenues. On June 22, 2008, Qtel purchased all of the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of each of ICLM and ICLS, pursuant to a Share Purchase Agreement dated June 6, 2008 between Qtel and STT, a company incorporated in Singapore. Pursuant to the Share Purchase Agreement, Qtel, through its subsidiary, Qatar South East Asia Holding S. P. C. acquired the capital stock of ICLM and ICLS from Asia Mobile Holdings Pte. Ltd. , or AMH, a company incorporated in Singapore, which is 75. 0% indirectly owned by STT Communications Ltd. and 25. 0% indirectly owned by Qtel. Following this acquisition, a change of control occurred in Indosat and Qtel, and its wholly owned subsidiaries, ICLS and Qatar South East Asia Holding S. P. C. , conducted a mandato ry tender offer to acquire up to 1,314,466,775 Series B Shares, representing approximately 24. 19% of our total issued and outstanding Series B Shares (including Series B Shares represented by ADSs), at a purchase price of the U. S. dollar equivalent of Rp369,400 per ADS and Rp7,388 per Series B Share, net to the seller in cash (without interest and subject to any required withholding of taxes). Following settlement of the tender offer on March 5, 2009, Qtel and its subsidiaries hold approximately 65. 0% of our outstanding share capital. 2. 2Theory and Previous Research 1. The Concept of Loyalty According to (ICLP 2006), customer loyalty can be defined as the totality of feelings or attitudes that would incline a customer to consider the re-purchase of a particular product, service or brand or re-visit a particular company, shop or website. Not much different, according to Kotler, Bowen, and Makens (1999), customer loyalty is how likely customers are to return and their willingness to perform partnership activities for the organization. Partnership activities include the customer’s willingness to spend more while on a property, give positive referrals to others and tell the management when problems occur. In addition, the term customer used in this research analysis refers to the end user of the company. In Chu’s opinion (2009), â€Å"Loyalty is a positive attitude and is related to the level of re-purchasing commitment he or she possesses toward a brand in the future†. Barnes says â€Å"The long term success of the a particular brand is not based on the number of consumer who purchase it only once, but on the number who become repeat purchase†. In this case it can be concluded that consumers who are loyal can not be measured by how many he bought, but on how many the customer make a repeat purchase, including recommend someone to buy (Robert, Varki Bordie, 2003 p. 188). According to Robert, Varkie Bordie (2003) the success of the companys ultimate goal to establish relationships with its customers is to establish a strong loyalty. A strong indicator of loyalty is: 1. Say positive Things, is to say positive things about products that have been consumed 2. Recommend friend, is to recommend products that have been consumed to a friend. 3. Continue purchasing, is the purchases made by the continual improvement of products which have been consumed. So, the loyal customer Dengan demikian pelanggan yang loyal adalah â€Å"Pelanggan yang memiliki cirri-ciri antara lain melakukan pembelian secara berulang terhardap badan usaha yang sama, memberitahukan kepada orang lain tentang kepuasan-kepuasan yang didapat dari badan usaha tersebut, dan menunjukan kekebalan terhadap tawaran-tawaran dri badan usahan pesaing. (Griffin, 2005, p. 127). According Lovelovk (1991), which says that the level of customer loyalty towards a particular brand of goods or services depends on several factors, namely the amount to move to the brand of goods or other services, there is the same quality, quantity or service from jenisbarang or replacement services,  of the risk of cha nges in costs due to replacement of goods or services and changes in the level of satisfaction gained from a new brand compared with the previous experience of the brand has ever used. (P37). According to Griffin (2005), states that each customer buys, the customer moves through the buying cycle. Pemmbeli will move malalui first five steps. First, realize that both the product and make an initial purchase. Then, the buyer moves through two stages of attitude formation, which one called evauasi post-purchase and others called the decision to buy back.   When a decision has been approved to buy back, repurchase Klima steps will follow, thus forming a circle repurchase recurrent several times, or several hundred times, during the intertwined relationship between the customer and the company and its products and services. The five steps are: 1. Consciousness, the first step towards dimula loyalty with customer awareness of products. At this stage companies are starting to form a share of mind required for positioning into the minds of prospective customers that the companys product or service superior to competitors. Consciousness can arise in various ways such as competitors ads. Consciousness can arise in various ways such as conventional advertising (radio, TV, and newspapers), iklann on the web and word of mouth communications. 2. Initial purchase, the purchase represents the first important step in maintaining loyalty. First purchase of a purchase of the experiment, companies can instill a positive or negative impression to the customers with products or services provided. Ii After the first purchase made the company the opportunity to begin to cultivate loyal customers. 3. Post-purchase evaluation, conducted after the purchase, the customer is consciously or unconsciously, will evaluate the transaction. 4. The decision to buy back, is the most important attitude for loyalty. In short, no repeat sales, there is no loyalty. The motivation to buy back from dri higher positive attitude shown towards ytertentu product or service. The decision to buy back is often the next step that occurs naturally when a customer has elah a strong emotional bond with a particular product. 5. Buyers returned. To be considered truly loyal, customers should continue to buy back from the same company. A true loyal customers and competitors refused to return from the same company whenever it needed items. That is the kind of customers should be approached yag, serviced and maintained. Similarly, in defining customer loyalty, Griffin (quoted in Shoemaker and Lewis, 1998) urged that two factors are critical for loyalty to grow. The first factor is customer’s emotional attachment toward one certain product or service. The second factor is customer’s repeat purchase. However, as concluded by Backman Crompton (1991), brand loyalty encompassed more than repeat use. Nevertheless, repeatance of use from customer is important when it comes to costs. In business, acquiring the lowest cost is the most important thing. In marketing, keeping existing customers is considerably less expensive than acquiring new ones (ICLP 2006). Reichheld and Sasser (1990) claimed that only a 5% improvement in customer retention can lead to an increase in profitability between 25% and 85%, depending upon industry sector. Therefore increased customer loyalty has a direct relationship with increased profitability. 2. The Factors that affect Loyalty According to Mardalis (2005), factors that affect loyalty can be defined as : Customer satisfaction Kotler defined customer satisfaction as a feeling like it or not a person to a product after the customer to compare these products with the expectation of achievement. According to Kotler (1999, p. 42) is a good feeling of satisfaction or disappointment suffered by someone who is a nd the results of comparing the performance of a product that someone connected with the expectations for the products. Customers will feel dissatisfied if the performance given by the companys lower than what is expected of the customer, otherwise the customer will be satisfied if the given companys performance as expected by the customer. The high satisfaction will create an emotional appeal to the product or service, who can create high customer loyalty. Loyalty from the peanggan to teteap conduct transactions with the company a period to come, as measured by high tingkay loyalty among customers. Musanto (2004) says factors that affect the customer loyalty is : 1. Reability 2. Company’s ability to produce good stuff. 3. Response to and remedy of problems 4. Was the response and the way in responding to customers complaints 5. Sales experience 6. Relationships between customers and employees. 7. Convenience of acquisition 8. All forms of comfort and convenience provided by the company to customers The Quality of Services According to Shellyana and Basu (2002), one of important factor that can make the customer satisfied is the quality of services. Marketers can improve the quality of services to develop loyalty pelanggannya. Produk low quality customers will bear the risk of being unfaithful. If the quality of attention, even strengthened by an intensive advertising, customer loyalty will be more easily obtained. Menjdi promotion of quality and key factors for creating long-term customer loyalty. Some research shows that customers will become loyal to the products high quality products if the products is offered at competitive rates. The statement was similar to Marconi (1993), quality of service depends on heavily subjective in terms of subscribers, but in general the quality of these services adhere to SERVQUAL, which is identifying five things determine the quality of service (in Gefen, 2002), namely: 1. Tangible. Associated with the occurrence of physical transactions 2. Reliability. Products in accordance with the order and delivered on time 3. Responsiveness. Related to the ability of service providers in assisting customers if a problem occurs. 4. Assurance. The services or products providers ability to convince the ustomers that they are capable. 5. Empathy. The ability to make the customers feel Image Kotler (2000, p. 553) defines the image of sebagai seperangkat beliefs, ideas and impressions a person has to an object.   Following that he said the attitude and actions of a person against an object is conditioned by citr object.   Kotler (2002) also adds that the brand image is a requirement of a str ong brand. Simamora (2002) says that the image is the perception of relatively consistent in the long term (Enduring perception). So it is not easy to form the image, so that when formed will be difficult to change it. The image must be clearly established and has advantages when compare with its competitors. Meanwhile, Marconi (1993) mentions that the factors that influence loyalty are as follows The value (price and quality), pemuggunaan a brand in a long time will lead on loyalty, so the company should be responsible for maintaining the brand. Please note, the reduction of the quality standards of a brand will disappoint customers the most loyal customers even though, begiu also with price changes. Therefore, the employer must control the quality of the brand and its price. Image (either from its personality and reputation of the brand). The image of the company and the brand begins with awareness. Based on research conducted there is a correlation between awareness and market share, so it can be concluded there is also a relationship between brand image with a market share. Items will have a good image can generate customer loyalty to the brand. Convenience and ease to get branded. In a stressful situation and market demand which requires the existence of convenience, the company is required to provide the product is convenient and easy to obtain. The satisfaction felt by customers Services, with good service quality offered by a brand can affect customer loyalty to the brand. Guarantees and warranties provided by the brand. According to Griffin (2005), a loyal customer is one who: 1. Perform regular repeat purchases 2. Antarlini buy products and services 3. Refer products to others 4. Showed resistance to the pull of the competition Meanwhile, according to Giddens (2002) holds a loyal customer following characteristics: 1. A commitment to the brand. 2. Dare to pay more on the brand when compared to other brands. 3. Would recommend the brand to others. . In buying back the products do not consider. 5. Always follow information related to the brand. 6. Customers can become a kind of spokesperson for the brand and the customer is always to develop a relationship with the brand. In a competitive market rate is high enough, the company began to compete to provide satisfaction to its customers so that customers have a high loyalty to what is offered by the company. According to Jones and Sasser (1994, p 745) suggests that customer loyalty is an endogenous variable caused by a combination of satisfaction so that loyalty is a function of satisfaction pelangggan. If the relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty is positive, then the high satisfaction will increase customer loyalty (Musanto, 2004, p. 130) 3. Customer Retention Customer retention is about to make sure the existing customers keep buying from a company. It is important for an organization to increase the numbers of loyal customers because based on a research that attracting a new customer costs 6 times more than retaining an existing customer (Sportjournal. com n. d. ). Based on the research (Perpustakaan Institut Teknologi Telkom 2009) there are 4 significant variables that affect customer loyalty. The first variable is Price. Price becomes very important for a company to survive in a competitive industry. Most likely, customer will choose to use products or services provided with lower price. Well set price can become a uniqueness for a company compared to other competitors. Next variable is switching barriers, it is any impediment to a customer’s changing of product or services. When the switching barriers increase, the level of customer loyalty also increases. Things that could affect switching barriers include added value from the product or services they provide. Customer satisfaction is also important, it is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. By having a customer service which always open 24 hours or placed them on a strategic places where many customer could easily reach them and a high quality product with terrific wide coverage signal could be the reason why customer satisfaction could increase customer loyalty. Last but not least, company’s image is the last variable that influence customer loyalty. Company image refers to how a corporation is perceived; it is a generally accepted image of what a company stands for. By having a positive image of course it can attract many customers. Based on those four significant variable which affect the Customer loyalty, a retention program was provided to increase customer loyalty that can suppress the higher churn rate. Beside that, there’s also a theory about customer retention program. The objective of this retention program is to maintain customer to use this product continuously. Every business should have a customer loyalty program because it costs five times as much money to find a new customer than it does to get a current customer to come back (Frey, n. d). According to Frey (n. d. , there are four types of successful customer loyalty programs: A Membership Program. Membership programs are one of the best ways to keep customers coming back. Most programs provide special incentives to members as part of their membership. A Rewards Program. Rewards programs provide gifts and perk that are earned according to the amount of business your customer s do. Create a Community. Every human has a deep inner need to belong to a community. Belonging gives us security and helps us to understand our place in life. Create Intertwined Business Processes. This is not just a traditional customer loyalty program but, its the bsolute best to guarantee that customers will keep coming back. Lowenstein (200-) in his writing states: ‘Theres one last thing to remember about the tree growth-customer loyalty analogy, which applies equally to CRM- and to all areas of customer management: It takes a long time, and a lot of effort, for a tree to grow and mature, but it can be cut down very quickly or slowly decay without nourishment. Keeping the tree healthy and protected, from the bark to the heartwood, is in every suppliers best interest. ’ 2. 3Hypothesis Chapter 3: Methodology 3. 1Research Location This research is located in ITB. The research location which are taken to gather the answer from the respondents which are the IM3 customers in age 17 to 23 years old were gathered by web-based questioner. The researchers choose that interval age because the target market of Indosat M3 is for teenagers. 3. 2Sampling Methodology Survey research is used in this study. To get data, researchers are using the questionnaire. In addition, document survey through internet is used to support the literature review. The respondents in this study are Indosat M3 users, which in group teenagers from age 17 to 23 years old. This study used statistic tool REGRESSSION in data processing. The survey method is simple random, because the limited time, resources, and the fastest way to gather information. The objects of this research are students of Institut Teknologi Bandung because it represents the requirement of our sample. 3. 3Population and Sample 3. 3. 1Population The population for the questioner focused to young Indosat M3 users which the target market fo Indosat M3 in age between 17 to 23 who lived in Bandung, especially in ITB. 3. 3. 2Sample The samples are decided by the researchers based on the population. The researchers use 35 samples from ITB student to fill the web-based questioner. The requirement to do the sampling is minimum 30 samples, so the researchers have fulfilled the minimum requirement. 3. 4Research Design The researchers collect data from young users of Indosat M3 who being the target from this research. The researchers do the data collection in ITB. [pic] 3. 5Gathering Data Methods The techniques of data gathering are the ways that are used to obtain data. The techniques which are used to collect data based on questioner. It is a collection of data through the distribution of a written list of the question that are associated with the variables that to be given to the customers. The researchers used web-based questioner to gather all of the data from the respondents. The questioner contains 10 questions and the researchers offer the knowledge about the four IM3 retention programs. The researchers spread 35 questioners to young IM3 users in ITB. 3. 6Data Analysis Plan 1. The data are gathered by using quantitative method by spreading questioner to ITB by web-based questioner. 2. Make the coding from the categorical scale data that have been tabulated in order to make easier on the data collection. 3. The researchers use the validity analysis to test the question in questioner whether the question necessary or not. Then, the researchers use the reliability analysis to test whether the question consistent or not. The researchers use split-half method to analyze the reliability. 4. Make the hypothesis for the research. 5. The researchers use the regression analyze by using SPSS software. 3. 7Timeline |Week |Description | |WEEK 1 |Brainstorming to collect the issue to be research and select the main topic. |WEEK 2 |Making background of this research, making the problem statement, define the objective, | | |methodology and sampling method. | |WEEK 3 |Arrange the questioner design, and make the web-based questioner. | |WEEK 4 |Spreading the questioner to the target market in ITB and collect data. | |WEEK 5 |Spreading the questioner to the target market in ITB and collect data and coding the data. |WEEK 6 |Coding data, analyze data using SPSS. | |WEEK 7 |Completing, interpreting and making the final report. | Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Discussion 4. 1Validity and Reliability Analysis To measure the validity and reliability of the questioner, the researchers just using the certain number of the questioner that related with the objective research. Therefore, the research just measure number 5, 6, 7 and 8 that explain the variable for each categories. This research uses 35 respondents to obtain the result. Based on the research to the target market, the researchers get the result: |Number of Respondents |Question number | | |5 |6 |7 |8 | | |A | |0,6 ? x lt; 1 |High Validity | |0,5 ? lt; 0,6 |Medium Validity | |0,3 ? x lt; 0,5 |Low Validity | |x lt; 0,3 |Invalid | The result from the analysis is: |Question Number |Validity Coefficient |Categories | |5 |A |0. 364618278 |High Validity | |   |B |0. 22917498 |Medium Validity | |   |C |0. 607464215 |High Validity | |6 |A |0. 421016851 |Low Validity | |   |B |0. 530451195 |Medium Validity | |   |C |0. 484852521 |Low Validity | |7 A |0. 542754703 |Medium Validity | |   |B |0. 573716203 |Medium Validity | |   |C |0. 573716203 |Medium Validity | |8 |A |0. 359680642 |Low Validity | |   |B |0. 40248017 |Low Validity | |   |C |0. 398274811 |Low Validity | All of the requirement questions for analyze the objective have already valid so the researchers did not revise the question er and go to the reliability analysis. 4. 2Stastitical Analysis The researchers use the Split-half method to measure the reliability of the questioner. The questions are divided into 2 parts with same amount, as follows: Part 1 | | | | | | |5a |5c |6b |7a |7c | |Pearson Correlation |VAR00005 |1. 000 |. 483 |. 283 |. 303 |. 093 | | |VAR00001 |. 483 |1. 000 |. 017 |. 85 |000 | | |VAR00002 |. 283 |. 017 |1. 000 |. 251 |-. 033 | | |VAR00003 |. 303 |. 285 |. 251 |1. 000 |-. 138 | | |VAR00004 |. 093 |. 000 |-. 033 |-. 138 |1. 000 | |Sig. (1-failed) |VAR00005 |. |. 002 |. 050 |. 38 |. 297 | | |VAR00001 |. 002 |. |. 461 |. 048 |. 500 | | |VAR00002 |. 050 |. 461 |. |. 073 |. 425 | | |VAR00003 |. 038 |. 048 |. 073 |. |. 214 | | |VAR00004 |. 297 |. 500 |. 425 |. 214 |. |N |VAR00005 |35 |35 |35 |35 |35 | | |VAR00001 |35 |35 |35 |35 |35 | | |VAR00002 |35 |35 |35 |35 |35 | | |VAR00003 |35 |35 |35 |35 |35 | | |VAR00004 |35 |35 |35 |35 |35 | For the measurement of the correlation strength between t he variables, there are the criteria: ? Correlation value is between 0 to 1 ? The value of correlation determines the strength of the relationship between variables. There are the standards of correlation value: o 0 – 0,25 : weak correlation (almost none) o gt;0,25 – 0,5: moderate correlation gt;0,5 – 0,75: strong correlation o gt;0,75 – 1: very strong correlation ? Correlation can be positive or negative. Positive correlation shows a same direction relationship between variables, which mean if the value of variable 1 big then variable 2 will have bigger value. Negative correlation have opposite relationship from the positive one between the variables, which mean if the value of variable 1 big then variable 2 will have a smaller value. ? If the value of correlation is 1, then the correlation is perfect correlation. Perfect correlation means all variable have a perfect linear relationship in other word variable 1 affect variable 2 perfectly. In this case a hypothetical test is unnecessary to observe the significant level of the variable’ relationship anymore. ? Significance relationship between the variables can be analyze with this requirement: o If the probabilities or significance lt; 0,05, relationship between variable is significant o If the probabilities or significance gt; 0,05, relationship between variable is not significant o In special case the significance number 0,05 is replaced with 0,01 if the result from the SPSS marked with star (*). From the calculation with SPSS the correlation number between the dependent and independent variable can be determine. Correlation number between var5 and Program Voucher SMS M3 is 0,483 which mean the correlation is moderate and positive correlation shows that the relationship is when the var5 increasing the same goes on Program Voucher SMS M3. Correlation number between var5 and Program IM3 semua MURAH! is 0,283 which mean a moderate correlation same as var5 and Program Voucher SMS M3. Correlation number from var5 and Program IM3 Ce eS-an, SMS dan Telpon Gratis Puas Abis relationship is 0,303 is moderate correlation same as before. Last var5 and Program Balckberry Prepaid correlation number is 0,093 means weak correlation and still the number is positive means the variables goes in a same direction. The significance level between the variable can be determined from probability number (sig) in correlation table from SPSS. Var5 and Program Voucher SMS M3 probability number is 0,002 which mean the variable relationship is strong, in a same direction, and significant same goes as the relationship between var5 and Program IM3 semua MURAH! (probability number is 0,05) also between var5 and Program IM3 Ce eS-an, SMS dan Telpon Gratis Puas Abis (probability number is 0,038). For relationship between var5 and Program Balckberry Prepaid which is the probability number is 0,297 means that the relationship is weak, not in a same direction and insignificant. |Model |R |R square |Adjusted R square |Std error of the estimate | |1 |. 578a |. 334 |. 245 |. 20503 | R Square will be used to calculate how much the frequency of independent variable affect the dependent variable. R number can be mentioned as determination coefficient. From the table above the determination coefficient is 0,334 or 33,4%. This number means about 33,4% amount of var5 can be explained by using Program Voucher SMS M3, Program IM3 semua MURAH! , Program IM3 Ce eS-an, SMS dan Telpon Gratis Puas Abis, and Program Balckberry Prepaid. In other word the effect of the independent variable to dependent variable is about 33,4%. The rest of it which is 66,6% (100%-66,6%) must be explained through another factors which is outside from this regression model. The formula for calculate the other factors is error = 1-r2 or 1-0,334. To test whether the regression model is correct or not, the model need to be tested its linearity relationship between the independent variables. Number that will be used is: |model |Sum of Squares |df |Mean square |F |Sig. | |1 Regression |. 632 |4 |. 158 |3. 757 |. 0. 14a | | Residual |1. 261 |30 |. 042 | | | | Total |1. 1893 |34 | | | | The hypothesis: H0 : there is no linear relationship among the 4 variables IM3 products with the awareness H1 : there is a linear relationship among the 4 variables IM3 products with the awareness The testing conducted by using the significant number or Sig with the following provisions: If the significant number of research lt; 0,05; H0 rejected and H1 accepted If the significant number of research gt; 0,05; H0 accepted and H1 rejected. Based on the calculation obtained the significant number 0,014. The result 0,014 lt; 0,05, so H0 rejected and H1 accepted. It means there is a linear relationship among the 4 variables IM3 products with the awareness. From the analysis, because there is the linear relationship among those variables, so all 4 IM3 products indeed influence the awareness. The conclusion is the regression model above have corrected and proper. Conclusion From the analysis above, the researchers can make the conclusion as follows: The correlation number among 4 variables IM3 products with the awareness is 0,578. The influence of 4 variables to the awareness is 0,334 or 33,4% The another factors outside the regression model is 0,666 or 66,6% Chapter 5: Conclusion answering research question gt; and recommendation References http://korananakindonesia. wordpress. com/2010/03/27/pemakai-telepon-seluler-indonesia-terbesar-ke-6-di-dunia/ PT. Indosat Tbk Company Logo Discussion Group: Ali Zainal Abidin (19008174) Galih Pandikar (19008156) Livia Ardelia Gentha (19008089) Rani Fevadiana Bokslag (19008117)